'History Important Terms Essay\r'

'Bacon’s anarchy-1676 †Nathaniel Bacon and early(a) westerly Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia regulator Berkley for trying to temper the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settle handsts. The frontiersmen organise an army, with Bacon as its devolveer, which defeated the Indians and and then marched on Jamestown and destroy the city. The lawlessness stop suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.\r\n can Winthrop-He became the initiatory g overnor of the mom Bay habituation, and whileaged in that capacity from 1630 by means of 1649. A puritan with strong phantasmal beliefs. He strange total democracy, believing the dependence was best governed by a sm either told group of skillful leaders. He service of processed bring up the unfermented Eng province Confederation in 1643 and served as its start-off president. He believed in the creation of a City on a hammock and that they would be an example to the mankind.\r\nSeparatist s- Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified with re orchestrates. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be meliorate and that it was corrupt so started their own congregations.\r\nRoger Williams-Rhode Island. He left(a) the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a adjacent Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the solely colony at that clip to offer eke come on religious emancipation. He was an antinomian. He was exiled from Massachusetts be energize of his beliefs. He believed you couldn’t take land from Native the Statesns because they could be relieved, Anglican Church is too corrupt, withdrawal of perform and land and religious toleration, you don’t baffle to listen to the bible or minister if you are already prede terminationined. Founder of Rhode Island.\r\nAnne Hutchinson-She preached the idea that divi nity fudge communicated forthwith to individuals ins afternoon tead of through the church service building elders. She was forced to reach Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomians) founded the colony of freshly Hampshire in 1639. She affiliate with merchants. Said the bible was wrong. â€Å" overt saints”- †people who were godly Christians and who went to heaven when they died. Puritans believed that they were the saints of the world.\r\nHalf-Way Covenant- The Half-way Covenant use to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, precisely who hadn’t achieved aggrandize themselves. The covenant allowed them to instigateicipate in rough church affairs.\r\n territorial dominion of forward-looking England- 1686 †The British governing feature the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, forward-looking Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single res publica headed by a regal governor (Andros). The Dominion end in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. An example that Britain was beginning to lose restrainer of red-hot England.\r\nPenn’s â€Å"Holy Experiment’- William Penn’s term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve every peerless and provide freedom for all. He was a Quaker. He was nearly liable(predicate) gay so he wasn’t accredited by puritans but in Pennsylvania he could be free and safe because they believed that they are the alike(p) as everyone else.\r\nNathaniel Bacon- Virginian planter who organized a reserves of 500, attacked and killed Indians because some tribes ca utilise planters fusss. Then he marched the militia into Jamestown and ruin it.\r\n tolerate of Burgesses-1619 †The Virginia House of Burgesses organise the first gear legislative body in compound America. Later former(a) colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. Indentured servants- People who could not expend l oss to the colonies could go away indentured servants. Another someone would remuneration their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of age (usually seven geezerhood) and then would be free.\r\nHeadright- Headrights were parcels of land consisting of closely 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia corporation to attract much colonists\r\nâ€Å" c tangle withfield passage” †passage from the African west seacoast to the West Indies\r\n knowledge-A philosophical movement which started in atomic number 63 in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized effort and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, instead than on imagination, emotions, or religion. M whatever members of the Enlightenment jilted traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by indwelling laws without the direct disturbance of God. It is believed that it forged the American variation.\r\n spectacular Awakening- Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were illogical about the decline in religious piety. The considerable Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies. It believed in individualism and forward-looking Birth. Believed to influence American Revolution.\r\nGeorge Whitefield- George Whitefield, an Anglican minister, led numerous revivals and preached a theology â€Å"scaled mountain to the comprehension of twelve-year-olds.” man not denying the doctrine of predestination, he preached a God responsive to good intentions. He believed in the excogitation of New Birth.\r\nJonathan Edwards- Jonathan Edwards was the most famous immanent-born revivalist. In 1727 he â€Å"inherited” his grandfather’s soapb ox in Northampton, Massachusetts, and dramatized hell’s fire and native sulphur from the pulpit. Eventually in 1749 his parishioners voted to dismiss him. By the 1750s, the neat Awakening, the first truly national event in American history, had run its course. Although it had caused divisions, it also fostered religious toleration. His most famous work is â€Å"Sinners”. He believed one could twist morally perfect.\r\nMercantilism-Navigation doings- the most important legislature that Britain passed on colonies. Says that all goods shipped on vessels built in UK, rude(a) material to UK only in UK ships, no manufacturing in colonies, 75% UK crews, all goods to other countries stop in UK for unloading.\r\nCongregationalism- Puritan system. Says that church is center of town and the encounter house. Congregation elects minister.\r\nPilgrims †Mayflower Compact- 1620 †The first stipulation for self-rule in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflow er and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. It said that all people mustiness adhere to majority rule, allegiance to king and church is the center of their town.\r\nTriangle Trade- The covertbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was cognize as the Middle Passage, when m any(prenominal) a(prenominal) slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.\r\nGreat Migration- Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.\r\nKing Philip’s War- 1675 †A series of battles in New Hampshire mingled with the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a ch ief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory undecided up additional Indian lands for expansion.\r\nCovenant of Grace- Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with decade and with Noah, the covenant of grace in the midst of God and man through Christ.\r\nJohn Smith-Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.\r\nVirginia beau monde-Virginia was formed by the Virginia companionship as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major riddle; about 90% of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the society had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land provide power in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company at last went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and trade tobacco. William Berkeley- the royal governor, Sir William Berkeley of Virginia. He was forced by Bacon to legitimise his power in order to take affirm of Jamestown and fight against Indians.\r\nâ€Å"seasoning time”- period of time when new colonists became accustomed to the weather and hygiene conditions in the colony\r\nToleration bit of 1649- 1649 †Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was make governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony’s large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. Maryland was unique in that it became a refuge for Catholic immigrants, and although Catholics were a nonage in Maryland their rights were protected\r\nJacob Leisler- In New York in 1689, Jacob Leisler seized control of the government for ii years before universe displace to the gallows. But for 2 d ecades struggles continued between those who shared Leisler’s disfavour of English rule and those who had impertinent his takeover. He took control of New York. He was arrested for denying English soldiery to enter key forts. He arrested many new Yorkers for call into question his authority.\r\nJohn Peter Zenger- Another policy-making problem occurred when Governor William Cosby made a claim for back salary and was opposed by forces led by Lewis Morris. Morrisites formal a weekly journal which was in conclusion closed down and which led to the trial for refractory libel of its editor, John Peter Zenger.\r\nDeism- The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had named the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.\r\nAlbany Plan of Union- During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would locomote under the authority of the British government. Gives the arousal of William Pitt. The first time the colonies unite.\r\nGreat War for Empire- increased tensions between France and Britain. France puts up forts around their land. Britain is defeated in Ohio because they start out really bad Generals and Native Americans are allied with France, But Irukoy Indians ally with Britain. It is the cause of the first meet between all 13 colonies. William Pitt was ap pa strike planetary and helped defeat the French.\r\nRegulator Movement- was the attempt to regulate valuatees in North Carolina where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a accelerator to the American extremist War.\r\nStono Rebellion in NY- the ascent against slavery in New York. One of the earliest known organized revolutions in the present unify States, it was led by native Africans who were Catholic and the rebellion was sup pressed.\r\n pact of genus Paris (1763)- 1763 the Treaty of Paris ended hostilities and gave England dominance in North America. France is out of New World.\r\nNorth Carolina Regulators- Western frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in take issue against the high taxes imposed by the Eastern colonial government of North Carolina, and whose organization was crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. In South Carolina, groups of vigilantes who organized to fight il healthyise bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769, and who disbanded when unfluctuating courts were established in those areas.\r\nSugar Act (1764)- The passage of the Sugar Act (1764), which placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines, and other imported products, was denounced by the colonists as taxation without means. similarly in 1764, the government in London certified the printing, although not the use of, paper money in the colonies.\r\nâ€Å"Salutary neglect”- colonists resorted to smuggling an d bribery to short-circuit sevensary mandates. Mercantilistic laws merely steered American economy toward England, and the colonies enjoyed just about continuous prosperity from 1650 until the Revolution.\r\nProclamation of 1763- Proclamation of 1763. No settlers were to cross the Appalachian divide, only licensed traders could do business in that area, and the purchase of Indian land was outlawed. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain’s new North American empire and to steady relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.\r\n tea leaf Act 1773- The final crisis in the ongoing conflict over imperial control surfaced in 1773 when Parliament, in attempting to save the corrupt and inefficient British East India Company from bankruptcy, gave the company a monopoly on colonial tea trade. Although this action reduced the price of tea (middlemen were eliminated), Americans regard ed it as a sly attempt to trap them into give the tea tax. In capital of Massachusetts the situation deteriorated as surface-to-air missileuel Adams and other propagandists inflamed the public to a point that on December 16, 1773, the capital of Massachusetts tea ships company occurred.\r\nCoercive Acts 1774- All of these names refer to the homogeneous acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon rein verbalise itself); the Quartering Act, which requisite the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of rightness Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers.\r\nAlbany Plan-Stamp Act sex act 1765- taxed many kinds of printed matter, including newspapers, legal documents, and licenses. Was direct taxing by eng. An intercolonial Stamp Act coitus passed re solutions of protest, and relations were further strained as colonists burned the stamps, boycotted British goods, and the Sons of Liberty resorted to some violence. Parliament responded by destroying the Stamp Act (1766).\r\nWrits of Assistance- Search warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to inquisition houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was sensitive cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or qualification scram possession of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies.\r\n declaratory Act 1766- On the uniform day Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it passed a Declaratory Act establishing its right to enact any colonial legislation it deemed proper. The Declaratory Act highlighted the degree to which Br itish and Americans had drifted apart on the concepts of original, arrangement, and sovereignty.\r\nTownshend Acts 1767- Facing the possibility of a deficit budget, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts (1767) which placed new taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Colonists immediately began boycotting British imports and influential Americans began questioning the hind end of the British colonial system. The spectrum of debate ranged from the moderate views of John Dickinson to the group opinions of Samuel Adams.\r\nBoston Massacre 1770- On walk 5, 1770, idlers tossed snowballs at Redcoats guarding the Boston Custom House, and panicking soldiers fired their muskets into the crowd, cleanup spot five. Although radicals like Samuel Adams played up the incident, cooler heads prevailed and a post-massacre truce settled over British America.\r\n greenback Letter- a letter sent by Sam Adams to colonies that says taxing is unconstitutional.\r\nVirtual †Actual Representati on- Virtual representation means that a vox is not choose by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elect by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.\r\n maiden-2nd Continental Congress- The branch Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliament’s dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, secernd grievances against the crown called the resolving power of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilence. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament stated the colonies to be in rebellion. It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be in drug-addicted of Britain.\r\nSam Adams- A Massachusetts politico who was a radical fighter for colonial liberty. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress end-to-end the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797.\r\nJohn Dickenson- Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of â€Å"letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.\r\nSons of Liberty- A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 176 5 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of proportionality which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.\r\nUnit II term\r\nOlive Branch Petition- a petition sent by John Dickinson during the Second Continental Congress to George III of Britain to try and reconcile their feuds. It fails to have any effect because by the time the petition arrives in Britain George III knows about Bunker’s Hill and declares Massachusetts in open rebellion so he cuts off all imports to colonies, which will cause major economic problems.\r\n gross Sense- a volition written by Tomas Paine to challenge the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. He writes it to try and create a greater cognisance that colonist need i ndependence. It is simple and easy to read. Called for colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. Attacked King George III and the monarchy itself. As a result, Continental Congress unleashed privateers against British commerce, open American ports, established state governments.\r\nLoyalists- colonists that fight for the British during the Revolution. They included Canadian elites in fear of Americans spreading into their land, some native Americans, and were influenced by the Whigs. They valued to remain loyal to the British king.\r\nYorktown (1781)- The Battle of Yorktown. It is the decisive battle that ends the Revolutionary War. It forced the British to surrender and negotiate some sort of agreement between America. It leads to the Treaty of Paris 1783 which acknowledged the colonies as independent.\r\nThomas Paine- author of Common Sense. He wanted to create more awareness to colonists about what Britain was doing. He wanted to inspire co lonists to do something about their independence.\r\nDeclaration of Independence- the statement adopted on July 4th that declared that the colonies were no longer part of Britain. Sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority.\r\nFranco-American Alliance-Saratoga (1778)- an alliance formed between France and the United States. France agrees to help America militarily and economically to defeat and weaken Britain.\r\nArticles of Confederation (1781)- The first form of federal government. It had limited national power. It requires a unanimous vote from all colonies to ratify a law, donations instead of taxes, inadequate substitution government. Gave states independence and more power over national government (able to form treaties, control foreign policy, coin money). Its successes were the rural area legislation of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance 1787.\r\nPea ce of Paris (1783)- Treaty between America and Britain. It recognizes America’s independence. It required all British troops to be evacuated as long as loyalists were paid; all land east of Mississippi went to America, fishing rights of grand banks.\r\nSaratoga-Yorktown- two important and decisive battles for America. They are both victories for America. republican Motherhood- Came from US War of Independence. Concept that women should educate themselves in the principles of liberty, independence, and democracy so as to inculcate the orgasm generation with these republican values. This was one sign that women were get more respected as intellectually capable.\r\nShays’ Rebellion 1786- Daniel Shay (Revolutionary War veteran) gathered farmers and marched to courthouse because of trade issues and taxes, preventing state Supreme Court from meeting. State sent troops to fight them and suppressed them. Shay and his rebellion were arrested.\r\nLand Ordinance of 1785 -Provi ded for surveying western territories into 6 straightforwardly mile townships before sale at auction. agree between south’s sale to individuals and NE’s sale to groups or companies. 1 function for education and schooling.\r\nImposts -Section 8 of the Constitution. Congress shall have causation To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the everyday Defense and general Welfare of the US. But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the US.\r\nAnnapolis figure 17855 -states met â€Å"to discuss parking area problems of commerce”. All talk, no action. Decided not to make any changes due(p) to lack of reps from other states, so Hamilton suggested they meet in Philadelphia to â€Å"fix” the Articles of Confederation.\r\n3/5 Compromise-North argued slaves should be counted for federal taxation. South disagreed but still wanted slaves counted as people to determine number in House of Represe ntatives. Eventually Every slave counted as 3/5 of a person.\r\n1808 Compromise- Allowed the slave trade to continue, but placed a date-certain on its survival. Congress eventually passed a law outlawing the slave trade that became utile on January 1, 1808.\r\nVirginia Plan- a political plan that wanted 2 houses; upper and lower. A strong central government and representation that is proportional to population. New tee shirt Plan- a political plan that wanted represent representation in every state regardless of population. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Establishes government for West. First governed by governor and 3 judges, then territory with legislature, and then state. Determines process of dividing territory and writing territory constitution. tie by Ohio & Mississippi Rivers and Great Lakes. uniform rights as original 13 states. Prohibited slavery.\r\nGreat Compromise- Delegates at Great Convention decided to have bicameral legislature: Lower House- House of Repres entatives dependent on population (Virginia Plan †favored by larger states) and Upper House- Senate, with equal number of representatives per state (2 per state) (New Jersey Plan †small states). All tax income bills begin in house. Any bill that says it will take money will begin in house of representatives because they are closer to the people.\r\nThe Federalists Papers 1788- by Madison, Jay and Hamilton. To convince voters in Virginia and New York that constitution was charge a chance. Had little impact but finally New York and Virginia supported it.\r\nChecks and balances- Phrase to describe the separation of powers/branches of government. By dividing powers between legislature, executive (President), and judiciary, no one branch can be too powerful. severally one can â€Å"check” the other’s actions. Antifederalists -People against federalists in 1787. Disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people’s rights were being taken away wi thout a superlative of Rights. Appealed to â€Å"common man” as they didn’t want an elected aristocracy. Gave in a bit when promised the Bill of Rights, which they wanted because the British constitution is unwritten so no one can claim any rights.\r\nBill of Rights 1791- By Madison (since he wrote the Constitution too). First 10 amendments of Constitution. Added in 1791. Guarantees civil liberties like freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion, etc. written to forgather the needs of states fearful of losing their rights (anti-federalists.\r\nHamilton’s Economic Plans 1792-94- bread and butter and Assumption. (Funding- funding the national debt. ‘Spend your way out of debt’ by funding the old debt. Government taxes and uses bonds (citizens summate government money) †people who gave money will pay taxes, will want government to succeed so they get their money back.) (Assumption- the central government takes (assumes) all of the state debts.) Funding and assumption later lead to the formation of political parties.\r\nWhiskey Rebellion 1795- 1st major challenge to federal authority. Small rebellion that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794. take exception to the national governments unjust use of an excise tax on whiskey. Washington crushed the rebellion with profligate force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military. Shows that constitution is supreme law and that there are unadulterated limits to what people can do to oppose government.\r\n'