Comparison and Contrast of Keynesian and Classical Economic Essay

Comparison and Contrast of Keynesian and Classical Economic - Essay Example As the study discusses  Keynes further argued that the level of total spending in the economy could be less to provide full employment. This disagreed with the classical economists who believed that the interest rate adjustments, wages, and prices would help to prevent the unemployment. Keynes said that the full employment happens when the amount of total spending is enough. Moreover, if the spending is not sufficient, then the unemployment will occur.This essay highlights that  Keynes also disagreed with the relationship between saving and investment not being enough to support classical claims that the support full employment. Classical economist described two forces that ensure full employment occurs. Those are the interest rate adjustments and wage/price flexibility. If the interest rate falls as planned and the investors result in little spending, salaries and prices can still support to ensure full employment is reached. When a competitive market occurs, the low demand will lead to falling wages and prices that will finally lead to all outputs being sold and prevent unemployment.  Keynes disagreed with classical assumptions about high wages and prices are not consistent with the real world. Keynes explained that variety of forces prevented prices and wages from adjusting quickly. These forces prevent prices and wages from changing quickly and in a downward direction.  Keynes said that many product markets are monopolistic or oligopolistic.

An Analysis of the Use of Persuasive Appeal in David Foster Wallace's Essay

An Analysis of the Use of Persuasive Appeal in David Foster Wallace's Kenyon College Commencement Address - Essay Example Wallace makes use of persuasive appeal by utilizing the components of ethos, logos, and pathos that readers become aware of as they devour this piece of writing. Mortensen (2004) affirms that, Aristotle defines ethos as the component that attains persuasion through the author’s character when an audience listens to a speech and deems the speaker as credible. Ethos represents the author’s integrity, respectability and influence and how the author uses these attributes to impress the audience. In addition, they relate to the way a writer uses tone and style to communicate opinion or present an argument. Logos convince through reasoning by making use of logical arguments and evidence to support a writer’s stand. They draw on facts and figures in supporting the speaker’s topic. Pathos achieves persuasion by stirring emotions among the audience (Mortensen, 2004). The author’s ability to use these components creates text that captures the readers’ attention and encourages them to keep on reading. So how does Wallace appeal to his audience? Wallace applies all three components to persuade the audience; however, logos and ethos are more prominent while pathos makes minor occurrences as the ensuing discussion highlights. Wallace starts by giving a short narration about two young fish who meet an older one moving in the opposite direction. The older fish enquires on how they find the waters. The fish story is a metaphor as it likens the fish to human beings. The author confirms this by saying â€Å"I am not the wise old fish† (The Wall Street Journal). Wallace was a respectable novelist and essayist from his previous works such as ‘Infinite Jest’ and ‘The Depressed Person’; nevertheless, he does not wish to bluff or present a near perfect image of himself. He avoids the know-it-all attitude that most mentors would convey. The story serves to leave the audience in suspense as it does not have a con clusion. Wallace confirms the suspense in the remark â€Å"If, at this moment, you are worried that I plan to present myself here, as the wise old fish explaining what water is to you younger fish, please do not be† (The Wall Street Journal, 2008). The suspense blends well with the rest of speech as Wallace proceeds to shed more light on the essence of his speech. The suspense provides a foundation for the entire speech and grabs the audience’s attention as they try to connect the story to the rest of the speech. Providing a conclusion to the story would only reveal too much to the audience. As a result, the rest of the speech would not be intriguing. In addition, Wallace uses the fish story to draw attention to how humans overlook the most apparent things in life; in this case, these things are represented by water which is a common and basic commodity.

Short Research Proposal On Fear Of Crime

Short Research Proposal On Fear Of Crime In this short research proposal, I will critically analyse and justify the reasons why I have chosen to use in depth interviews compared to other qualitative methods in order to research fear of crime among young men aged between 18-25 in inner London. My primary objective is to find out to what extent do young men aged 18-25 living in inner London fear crime. Altogether there are three main types of qualitative data; they are in depth interviews, focus groups and ethnography (Bryman, 2004). However, before I justify the reasons why I have chosen to use in depth interviews compared to focus groups and ethnography I will first give a brief definition of fear of crime among young men. In order to carry out a short research proposal, it is important that I have background knowledge on my research topic. On the whole, there are many different types of interviews however in my research I will be conducting in depth interviews with thirty young males aged between 18-25. I have chosen in depth interviews to conduct my research as this will provide me with rich data, it will also enable the participants to express their feelings and experiences on fear of crime (Bryman, 2004). There are two different types of in depth interviews they are known as semi-structured and unstructured interviews. In my research, I will be carrying out semi-structured interviews whereby I will have a set of questions to ask the participants. In Semi structured interviews the questions are usually open ended hence this will enable me to gather rich, detailed information about the experiences and attitudes towards fear of crime among young men (Miller and Brewer, 2003). On the other hand, although unstructured interviews are a great way to build rapport with the respondent there is a slight possibility that the participants may go off on tangents, and hence this will be more time consuming (Seale, 2004). In relation to my research topic, by carrying out a semi-structured interviews young men will feel more comfortable to talk about their experiences. I will now discuss and justify the reasons why I have decided to select in depth interviews compared to focus groups and ethnography to carry out my research. According to May, in depth interview is a great way to understand the attitudes and feelings of an individual on a specific topic (May, 2001). In depth interviews will enable me to explore in more detail the fear of crime among young men in inner London (Seale, 2004). Hence, compared to focus groups and ethnography, in depth interviews will allow me to have a better understanding of the individuals views, experiences, opinions and feelings towards fear of crime among young men (Seale, 2004). Another advantage of in depth interviews is that it allows flexibility; interviews can be adjusted to cater the needs of different types of people (Sarantakos, 2005). Furthermore, another advantage is that researchers can ask questions on the spot, probe the participants as well as change the order of questions if needed (Miller and Brewer, 2003). Another advantage is that during my study, I will have full control of the environment, under which questions are answered (Sarantakos, 2005). In depth interviews will also enable me to clarify any questions which are not understood by the participants (Sarantakos, 2005). Another advantage of in-depth interviews is that I will gain high response rate, with rich, detailed information about the fear of crime among young men. Hence, with in depth interviews it is much easier to discuss sensitive issue compared to when interviewing a group (Miller and Brewer, 2003). Despite these advantages, there are many limitations to in depth interview. With in depth interviews participants may not always be as honest about their fear of crime; hence this will lack reliability (Miller and Brewer, 2003). Another limitation of in depth interview is that it is very time consuming compared to other data collection methods (Seale, 2004). From gaining access to individuals, to conducting the interviews and then analyzing the data will take a huge amount of time (Miller and Brewer, 2003). This is one of the reasons why I will be conducting my research on only thirty individuals. Furthermore, according to May, the researchers physical characteristics such as age, class, race, gender and ethnicity may have an effect on the interviewees responses (May, 2001). This is another limitation as interviews may be affected due to the physical characteristics of the researcher (Sarantakos, 2005). For example, if a female researcher was conducting the study on fear of crime among young men many participants may not be as honest about their attitudes and experiences of fear of crime due to the researcher being a female. Another issue of in depth interview is that people tend to prefer to write about sensitive topics, such as fear of crime rather than discussing the issue in an interview (Sarantakos, 2005). As the study will only be conducted on thirty individuals, another concern is that once the information is gained and analysed, it will be difficult to generalize fear of crime among young men who live in inner London (Sarantakos, 2005). I will now define, discuss and analyse the advantages and limitations of ethnography and why I decided not to use ethnography for my research topic. Ethnography allows researchers to understand the social meanings and activities of people they are conducting research on (Miller and Brewer, 2003). Furthermore, ethnography studies will allow the researcher to observe the participants for a longer period of time (Bryman, 2004). By spending time with the participants, listening and engaging in conversations and getting to know them individually on a daily basis it will help and allow the researcher to have a better understanding of the participants he or she is studying (Bryman, 2004). However, in relation to my research topic my aim objective is to find out the feelings and emotions of fear of crime among young men. With participant observation it will be difficult for me to understand the experiences of fear of crime among young men as the participants may not be able to express their experiences when conducting a participant observation study. Furthermore, when an individual is aware that they are being observed they may behave differently, hence this will lack validity (Bryman, 2004). There are two types of ethnography roles when gaining access to participants, they are known as overt and covert roles. Covert role is whereby an individual discloses the fact that they are a researcher observing the participants for a particular reason. On the other hand, the ethnographer who takes the overt role informs the participants that they are researches (Bryman, 2004). On the whole, covert roles may provide the researcher with more information which is highly valid due to the fact that the participants are not aware that they are being observed. However, by carrying out covert roles you will be breaking the ethical guidelines such as informed consent and deception (Bryman, 2004). I will now define, discuss and analyse the advantages and limitations of using a focus group. Focus groups are when a small group of people are brought together for an interview that share similar experiences and have particular interest. Focus groups have become a very popular method used by many researchers since the 1980s. Focus groups allow participants to ask questions, have discussions and arguments (Bryman, 2004). It also allows participants to justify and articulate their ideas with one another in a group context (Seale, 2004). There are many advantages to having focus groups, by conducting a focus group it will allow individuals to probe one another and challenge each other for holding certain views (Bryman, 2004). Another advantage of using a focus group is that large amount of date can be produced in a short amount of time, however a limitation to this is that it will be difficult for the researcher to record and analyse data from the focus group (Bryman, 2004). Focus groups allow participants to share stories, experiences and thoughts together; hence this provides rich, quality data for the researcher to analyses (Bryman, 2004). Another advantage of a focus group is that it is less time consuming compared to in depth interviews, you can easily get six to ten peoples views and opinions all at the same time rather than interviewing all ten of them (Seale, 2004). Focus groups also allow the participants to listen to other peoples views who have a similar position to them in the community (Sarantakos, 2005). According to Bryman, focus groups are regarded as more naturalistic compared to interviews in the sense that focus groups reflect the processes through which meaning is constructed in everyday life (Bryman, 2004, 348). During the focus group the researcher acts as a facilitator observing the discussion and encouraging participants to contribute (Sarantakos, 2005). Depending on the topic being discussed, focus groups can sometimes encourage the individual to open up and hence take part in the discussion. However, in other situations in-depth interviews are preferred; it all depends on the research topic (Seale, 2004). According to Wilkinson who reviewed more than 200 studies based on focus groups, she found that many researchers fail to analyse and take into account the interaction between the group members (Bryman, 2004). Another critic of a focus group is that some individuals may not express their fear of crime among other young men. By being in a group individuals may not express their true opinions (Sarantakos, 2005). Individuals may feel more comfortable to express their concerns of fear of crime in a one to one interview (Bryman, 2004). In focus groups, individuals may be influenced to follow the group norm and may not open as much compared to in depth interviews (Bryman, 2004). According to Barbour and Kitzinger, focus groups will enable researchers to examine peoples different perspective as they operate within a social network, (Barbour and Kitzinger in Seale, 2004, 181). Furthermore, focus groups may allow the researcher to explore issues which are not easily seen during participant observation (Seale, 2004). However, another concern of using a focus group is that some individuals may dominate the discussion and hence others may not be given the chance to explore their attitudes and feelings towards fear of crime, (Sarantakos, 2005). I will now discuss what sampling method I will use in order to carry out my research. In relation to my research topic and design I will use the purposive sampling method in order to carry out my study. Purposive sampling is when participants are selected due to them having a relation to the subject topic. Purposive sampling is whereby researchers use their expect judgment to find participants who are relevant to their study (Singleton and Straits, 1999). Purposive sampling is a very popular sampling method used by many researchers when conducting qualitative research (Seale, 2004). In relation to my research topic, purposive sampling is the best sampling method to use; it fits in very well with the aims of my research. However, according to Singleton and Straits, a limitation to purposive sampling is that making an informed selection of cases requires considerable knowledge of the population before the sample is drawn (Singleton and Straits, 1999, 159). I will now discuss how I will gain access to my participants. I will gain access to my participants through contacting local organizations who work with youths. I will also gain access by visiting two universities in inner London; I will visit the student union and ask for potential students who are willing to take part in my study. Before the interviews are carried out, I will ensure that I am fully prepared and organised, in order for me to do this I will make a check list of all the things I need to do before the interview and also after the interview. In my research, I will also audio record all the interviews; this will enable me to have a better one to one conversation with my respondents. However, an issue may be that that some respondents may refuse for their voice to be recorded. If this occurs, I will explain to the participants that the interview is only being audio recorded for my use only and that the recording will not be shared with any third party (Bryman, 2004). For the interview to be successful it is vital that the interviewee has an understanding of the subject topic (May, 2001). Before I start my interview, I will define the term fear of crime to my participants in order for them to have a better understanding of the subject topic. Before the interview process, I will make it clear to my participants what is expected of them, by doing this my participants will feel more comfortable and hence more relaxed for the interview to begin (May, 2001). It is important for all researchers to take into consideration ethical issues before conducting any research. The British Sociological Association has set out ethical guidelines for researchers to follow; breaking the guidelines may result in penalties. There are many ethical issues which need to be considered before carrying out a study; however the three main ethical issues are whether there is harm to participants, lack of informed consent, and whether deception is involved (Bryman, 2004). In relation to my study on fear of crime among young men I will ensure that all my participants are fully informed about the study. Before I conduct my research all participants involved will be asked to read and sign the consent forms, all participants will also have the right to withdrew from the study at any given time (Bryman, 2004). Furthermore, in regards to participant harm according to Diener and Crandall, participant harm can be physical harm or personal harm (Diener and Crandall, in Bryman, 2004). I will ensure that in my study none of my participants are physically or emotional harmed. Finally, in regards to deception, I will ensure that all my participants are fully aware of the study and that the results of the interviews will not be shared with anyone else without their consent. Deception usually occurs when the researcher provides false statements to their participants about the study (Bryman, 2004). In conclusion, in depth interview is the best data collection method for me to research the fear of crime among men aged 18-25 living in inner London. Despite its limitations, in relation to my research topic, in depth interview would be the best method to use as it will enable me to understand the attitudes and experiences of fear of crime among young men compared to focus groups and ethnography.

AFRICA Essay -- essays research papers

HOW HAS THE SPREAD OF AIDS AFFECTED AFRICAN SOCIETY 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baer, Hans., et al. â€Å"Medical Anthropology and the World System.† A Critical Perspective Ch. 8: p159-269. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stine, Gerald J. â€Å"Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome†¦ The facts written are by Gerald J. Stine in â€Å"Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome† . Worldwide, about 9,000 persons a day become HIV-infected. The majority of all HIV infections worldwide occur in people ages 15-24. Over 1 million people die of AIDS each year. The number of HIV-infections worldwide has tripled since 1990! It is estimated that there will be a 20% drop in population in East Africa by the year 2001 because of AIDS (Stine, 360). â€Å"AIDS is the leading cause of deaths among adult men and the second leading cause of deaths among adult women in Africa† (Bethel, 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is extremely difficult to judge the exact extent of AIDS in Africa, either geographically or in the population† so rather than just focusing on Western Africa , we should look at the bigger picture (Bethel, 138). Also, â€Å"we can assert that AIDS cases do not occur on the African continent in a uniform fashion but rather form an â€Å"AIDS Belt† in central, southern, and eastern Africa† (Bethel, 138). First, Let me tell you that Third World Nations makeup three fourths of the Earth’s population, and combining that fact with the fact that these worlds are not as advanced and have an lesser knowledge of prevention, and AIDS , it is not very surprising that these countries populations are impacted by death. â€Å"Africa, with about 12% of the world’s population, is now reporting around 25% of the world’s AIDS cases. It is estimated to have over 65% of the total number of HIV-infected adults and 90% of the world’s HIV-infected children† (Stine, 364). An incredible and unbelievable fact that shows the impact of the disease in Africa is that 6,000 Africans are HIV-infected each day which is 250 persons per hour or four per minute. Between 20% and 30% of sexually active adults between the ages of 20 and 40 are believed to be infected with HIV in some urban places of sub-Sahara Africa, where the disease is felt the hardest. In rural areas, where the most of the people live, seriousness is much lower but is still rising. Stine also mentions that available evidence shows that it is unlikely that the spre... ...woman may choose to breastfeed her baby regardless to protect the baby against many more other infections. Also, it is allowed by most cultures, and it’s free. And third, if artificial feeding is chosen, the mother must take chances on the water-supply that can give her child other deadly diseases. Fortunately though, developing countries are giving information about infant feeding to HIV-infected woman who are pregnant. In developing countries rather than Western society, their mentality is much more different. Western societies can prevent illness and death because of knowledge that Africans don’t have. In developing countries, they worry more about living for today, which means that they face death from AIDS in five years from prostitution or death from starvation tomorrow from lack of money. In a lot of cases, if the wife is worried and wants to use condoms, she is threatened with the husband leaving her for another woman. In that case, the wife would eventually have to go to the streets for money and that means beginning prostitution. This never-ending cycle of poverty and ignorance can only be broken by education, which still may not be enough. God help them!

Ecology Sin and Ecology Salvation for Today

In this humble paper, I the writer will discuss the ecological sins and ecological salvation. Even though there may have many ecological sins and salvation according to ecologists and theologians, this short paper will emphasize the Christian doctrine of original sins to help well understanding resent ecological sins; observe that the main or the foundation of ecological sins as neglect of the biblical doctrine of creation; and express awaking manifesto on ecological sins.And regarding ecological salvation, the writer of this humble paper will emphasize creation care and attempted work of our Lord Jesus Christ; then conclude with the writer personal understanding of ecological sins and salvation. L. Ecological Sins According to William H. Becker, the Christian doctrine of original sin can help clarify our understanding of the resent Ecological crisis, to understanding of current Ecological sins in four respects.It can expose to view:l (1) the powerful role of social and economic forc es that promote ecological self-destructiveness and have the appearance of â€Å"necessity† or â€Å"destiny,† though they involve human choice; (2) our culture's pervasive confusion of material success with spiritual fulfillment; (3) our diction to what we know is destroying us; and (4) the totalitarian character of our ecocide mentality, which influences all dimensions of our culture, diminishing our ability to reason even as it distorts our desiring and willing.The doctrine of original sin helps us see that we are socializing ourselves to sin ecologically. Our present anti-ecological behavior is thoroughly rooted in a social context actively supported and promoted by a powerful process of colonization and education. 2 In his book The Poverty of Affluence, Paul Yachted suggests that this ecological destructiveness mess logical and attractive because we have socialized ourselves to see economic well-being, which requires ever-increasing economic growth, as the primary symbol and proof of personal and social success, worthiness, identity, and meaning. Thomas Berry describes Americans today as â€Å"autistic† with respect to nature. We are a people â€Å"so locked up in themselves that no one and nothing else can get in†¦. We are talking to ourselves. We are not talking to the river; we are not listening to the river. â€Å"4 Walker's pointed application of original sin to the ecological issue serves to Reese again our question, why is it that ecological theologian have, in general, avoided reference to this doctrine? Examination of some of their writings suggests the following answers. First, many theologians concerned with ecology have concluded that Christianity abysmal record on this issue is due largely to its central focus on the process of human redemption from sin, hence on Christ the redeemer, with a consequent deemphasizes on God as Creator, on God's presence in and concern with all of creation. Matthew Fox's â€Å"creatio n spirituality† and Thomas Berry's argument that the Christian â€Å"creed itself is overbalanced in favor of redemption†¦. Creation becomes increasingly less important. 6 In the second place, emphasis upon the fall of humankind and original sin suggests that the world as a whole is fallen. â€Å"A fall or redemption tradition,† writes Matthew Fox, â€Å"by devaluation the spirituality of matter, has led people to believe that spiritual depth consists in letting go of things† by ascetically separating oneself from this world. Restoring the dignity and spiritual integrity of the material world, according to this logic, seems to entail De-emphasis on he fall and original sin. Third, ecological theologians avoid this doctrine because it is the basis for the doctrine of salvation by a divine savior.Original sin understands human nature to be so distorted (â€Å"totally depraved†) by sin that it no longer possesses a clear apprehension of God's goodness a nd love and is inclined inevitably to choose what is evil. Given this utterly fallen condition, humanity is not capable of saving itself; a divine savior is required. 8 In an interesting passage, Thomas Berry argues that Paul stressed the doctrine of original sin precisely because he wished to eighteen the significance of Jesus the Christ as a savior. â€Å"In order to exalt the Christ redemptive process, SST.Paul has to have something that we need to be redeemed from. â€Å"9 More recently, according to Howard A. Snyder for evangelical worldview one of Ecological sins is Neglect of the biblical doctrine of creation. 10 Evangelicals often neglect the prior biblical doctrine of creation itself. Biblically speaking, the doctrine of new creation depends upon a right understanding of the original creation. In practice, Evangelical theology often begins with Genesis 3 rather than Genesis 1 . All are sinners in need of God's saving grace.But biblical theology does not begin with sin; it begins with creation. Human beings-?man and woman together-?are created in the image of God and placed in a garden which also reflects God's nature. Scripture consistently grounds God's glorious work through Jesus Christ by the Spirit in both creation and redemption. Jesus Christ is both â€Å"the firstborn of all creation† and â€Å"the firstborn from the dead†-?affirmations that unite creation and redemption (Cool. 1:15, 1:18). In the Book of Revelation, God is praised in hymns celebrating both creation (Rev. :1 1) and redemption through the blood of Christ (Rev. :9). In the Old Testament, the Sabbath, so full of scatological portent, is grounded both in creation (Ex. 20:11) and redemption from Egyptian slavery (Duet. 5:15). It is remarkable the way Scripture consistently holds together the themes of creation and redemption. The biblical doctrine of redemption through the cross presupposes the doctrine of creation, and redemption can never be understood in a fully b iblical way unless the full story of creation, and not Just human creation, is kept in view. L For we Chin people today, according to Awaking Declaration ecological sins are:12 hafting cultivation system which caused green hilly ranges transformed into bald and denuded hills through this traditional cultivating system; the practice of felling trees and wanton setting of fires to the Jungles resulting in dried up spring and streams, causing deterioration in soil and change of climates; and the system of free- to-roam domestic animals which cause havoc to cultivation. II. Ecological Salvation A.Creation Care â€Å"The heavens are telling the glory of God, and the firmament proclaims his handiwork† (As. 19:1). God created the universe to glorify himself and to assist his human creation in praising him. We should care for the environment for God's sake. Caring for and protecting the world God has made is part of our worship and service. We care for creation for God's sake. We sho uld care for creation as if our life depended on it-?because it does. Scripture is the story of God's people serving God in God's land. If God's people are faithful, the land prospers.Conversely, if the land suffers, we suffer. This is a repeated theme in much of Old Testament literature-?in the law, the prophets, and the wisdom literature. It comes to particular focus in the Jubilee legislation of Leviticus 25-26. The key fact is ecological interdependence. If we care about people, we will care for the land and air and multiplied species on which our well-being depends. We should care for the created order because it has its own God-given right to exist and flourish, independently of its relationship to us. The world after all is God's handiwork, not ours.God created the universe for his good purposes, not all of which are yet known to us. We need, therefore, a certain scatological humility and reserve. We are to honor God's creative work and to fulfill our responsibilities as stew ards of what he has made. Since all God's creatures reflect God's glory and have a place in God's plan, they are part of legitimate Christian concern. If God cares for and about the creatures, so should we. 13 B. Redemption Jesus' incarnation displays the love and concern of God for his creation (CB. JNI. 3:16).Jesus came to save not only humanity, but the whole earth. Humanity and the earth are inextricably bound together: we are to care for the earth; our fall resulted in the earth; and now our redemption results in the redemption of the earth, hence we have the onerous task of fulfilling the cultural mandate by proclaiming the gospel to al of creation. Jesus on the cross redeemed the whole of creation: the cross has global effects. The cross lies at the heart of Christianity; it follows, then, that it must be central to a Christian environmental ethic.The imagery of the cross represents all that Jesus has done: the cross is Pall's unique shorthand means of referring to Jesus' dea th, resurrection and all that it has accomplished. There, are, particularly in the Pauline passages, several ecological implications of the cross: it affirms that the earth is the Lord's. The work that Jesus began in redemption on the cross, he will finish at is Prussia. The earth is involved in redemption, and it too will be involved in the consummation.The earth is never seen as a machine or as raw material, but as the scene of God's redemptive action, and as such it will be renewed at the Prussia: redemption includes a transformation of the earth. 14 More recently the Awaking declaration of ecological salvation goes:1 5 abandoning the system of shifting cultivation which causes developing the chins from their habitat; forsaking the felling down of trees without restriction and setting fire to the Jungles; and quitting unrestrained feeling down of natural vegetation and setting wild fires to the Jungles.Conclusion For the writer personally, the ecological sin is the results of mis interpreting on the creation story on the bible; it is wrong relationship to our fellow creations; it is disobeying the great commission of God and responsibility to steward of creation. We have a great commission and a wonderful opportunity to make Jesus Christ known today-?to proclaim the gospel of the kingdom; to declare God's glory among the nations. We have a stewardship to fulfill that is a stewardship of creation, and a tidewaters of God's many-colored grace (l Apt. 4:10), which is our essential resource.We want to see creation healed, and we are hopeful because God has promised it will be so. We especially want to see our brothers and sisters throughout the earth healed of the disease of sin, brought into new-creation life through Jesus Christ and the Spirit. We want to live and proclaim the good news of the kingdom of God so that more and more people worldwide keep covenant with God and with his good earth that is in the assurance that â€Å"the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to cay' and ‘the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.

China Insurance Market Outlook to 2016 – Driven by Automobile Insurance Market

1  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 3. Asia-Pacific Insurance Industry Industry Introduction Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Size by Direct Written Premium, 2005-2012P Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Segmentation 1. 3. 1. By Geography, 2005-2012P 1. 3. 2. By Life and Non Life, 2005-2012P 1. 4. Asia-Pacific Insurance Industry Future Outlook 1. 4. 1. By Geography, 2013-2016 3. 3. 1. 3. 2. 4. 5. 5. 1. 5. 2. 5. 3. 5. 4. 6. 6. 1. 7. 7. 1.China Insurance Industry China Insurance Value Chain China Insurance Market Size by Direct Written Premium, 2005-2012 China Insurance Government Regulations China Life Insurance Market China Life Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 China Life insurance Claim Paid, 2005-2012 Market Share of Major Life Insurers in China, 2012 China Life Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 China Non-Life Insurance Market China Non-Life Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 Non-Life Insurance Segmentation, 2005-2012 China Property and Casualty Insurance Industry 7. 1. 1. China Property and Casualty Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. . 2. China Property and Casualty insurance Claim Paid, 2005-2012 7. 1. 3. Property and Casualty Insurance Segmentation, 2005-2012 7. 1. 4. Market Share of Major Property and Casualty Insurers in China, 2012 2  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied 7. 1. 5. China Property and Casualty Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 20132016 7. 2. China Motor Insurance Industry 7. 2. 1. China Motor Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 2. 2. China Motor Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 3. China Commercial Property Insurance Industry 7. 3. 1.China Commercial Property Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 3. 2. China Commercial Property Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 4. China Agricultural Insurance Industry 7. 4. 1. China Agricultural Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 4. 2. China Agricultural Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 5. China Liability Insurance Industry 7. 5. 1. China Liability Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 5. 2. China Liability Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 6. China Credit Insurance Industry 7. 6. 1. China Credit Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 6. 2.China Credit Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 7. China Accident Insurance Industry 7. 7. 1. China Accident Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 7. 2. China Accident Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 8. China Cargo Insurance Industry 7. 8. 1. China Cargo Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 8. 2. China Cargo Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 9. China Health Insurance Industry 7. 9. 1. China Health Insurance Market Size, 2005-2012 7. 9. 2. China Health insurance Claim Paid, 2005-2012 3  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research a nd should not be copied . 9. 3. China Health Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 7. 10. Market Share of Major Non Life Insurers in China, 2011 7. 11. China Non-Life Insurance Market Future Outlook and Projection, 2013-2016 8. 9. China Insurance Industry Trends and Developments China Insurance Industry Future Projections, 2013-2016 9. 1. Cause and Effect Relationship Between Dependent and Independent Factors Prevailing in China Insurance Market 10. Company Profile of Major Players in China Life Insurance Industry 10. 1. China Life Insurance 10. 1. 1. Company Profile 10. 1. 2. Business Strategies 10. 1. 3.Financial Performance 10. 2. Ping An Life Insurance 10. 2. 1. Company Profile 10. 2. 2. Business Strategies 10. 2. 3. Financial Performance 10. 3. New China Life Insurance 10. 3. 1. Company Profile 10. 3. 2. Business Strategies 10. 3. 3. Financial Performance 11. Company Profile of Major Players in China Non-Life Insurance Industry 11. 1. Public Insurance Compan y of China (PICC) 11. 1. 1. Company Profile 11. 1. 2. Business Strategies 11. 1. 3. Financial Performance 11. 2. China Pacific Insurance (CPIC) 4  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied 11. 2. 1. Company Profile 11. 2. 2.Business Strategies 11. 2. 3. Financial Performance 12. China Insurance Industry Macro-Economic Indicators: Historical and Projections 12. 1. China Population, 2005-2016 12. 2. GDP of China, 2005-2016 12. 3. Healthcare Expenditure of China, 2005-2016 12. 4. Total Vehicle in Use in China, 2007-2016 13. Appendix 13. 1. Market Definitions 13. 2. Abbreviations 13. 3. Research Methodology Data Collection Methods Approach Variables (Dependent and Independent) Multi Factor Based Sensitivity Model Final Conclusion 13. 4. Disclaimer 5  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012P Figure 2: As ia-Pacific Insurance Market Segmentation by Life and non Life on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2005-2012P Figure 3: Insurance Value Chain Figure 4: China Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 5: China Life Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 6: China Life Insurance Market Claim Paid on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 7: Market Share of Major Life Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2012 Figure 8: China Life Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 9: China Non Life Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 10: China Non life Insurance Market Segmentation by Property and Casualty and Health Insurance on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2005-2012 Figure 11: Chin a Property and Casualty Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 12: China Property and Casualty Insurance Market Claim Paid on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 13: China Property and Casualty Insurance Market Segmentation by Motor, Commercial Property, Agricultural, Liability, Credit, Accident, Cargo and Others Insurance on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2005-2012 Figure 14: Market Share of Major Property and Casualty Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2012 Figure 15: China Property and Casualty Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 6  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied Figure 16: China Motor Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 17: China Motor Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Writ ten Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 18: China Commercial Property Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 19: China Commercial Property Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013 -2016 Figure 20: China Agricultural Insurance MarketSize on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 21: China Agricultural Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 22: China Liability Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 23: China Liability Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 24: China Credit Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 25: China Credit Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 26: China Accident Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 27: China Accident Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 28: China Cargo Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 29: China Cargo Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 30: China Health Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 7  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copiedFigure 31: China Health Insurance Market Claim Paid on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 Figure 32: China Health Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 33: Market Share of Major Non Life Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2011 Figure 34: China Non life Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 35: China Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Figure 36: China Life Insurance Net Written Premium of China Life Insurance Company in USD Million, 2006-2012 Figure 37: China Life Insurance Premium Income of Ping An Life Insurance in USD Million, 2008-2012 Figure 38: China Life Insurance Premium Income of New China Life Insurance in USD Million, 2006-2012 Figure 39: China Life Insurance Premium Income of Public Insurance Company of China in USD Million, 2005-2011 Figure 40: China Life Insurance Gross Written Premium of China Pacific Insurance in USD Million, 2008-2011 Figure 41: China Population in Million, 2005-2016 Figure 42: GDP of China in USD Million, 2005-2016 Figure 43: Healthcare Expenditure of China in USD Million, 2005-2016 Figure 44: Total Vehicle in Use in China in Million, 2007-2016 8  © This i s a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Segmentation by Countries on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Billion, 2005 -2012P Table 2: Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Segmentation by Life and Non Life on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Billion, 2005 -2012P Table 3: Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Projections by Countries on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Table 4: Market Share of Major Life Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2012 Table 5: Market Share of Major Property and Casualty Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2012 Table 6: Market Share of Major Non Life Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2011 Table 7: Cause and Effect Relationship Analysis between Industry Factors and Expected Industry Prospects of China Insurance Market Table 8: Correlation Matrix of China Insurance Indust ry Table 9: Regression Coefficients Output of China Insurance Industry 9  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied ASIA-PACIFIC INSURANCE MARKET SIZE BY DIRECT WRITTEN PREMIUM, 2005-2012P The insurance market in Asia-Pacific region has grown remarkably over the past few years due to the growth in the emerging markets such as China, Japan, India, Australia, Taiwan and South Korea. The countries in the Asia-Pacific region are at different stages of economic development unlike the European countries and the US which has created significant opportunities for the insurers in the region in order to serve the financial needs of the customers.The market in the region has grown at a CAGR of 11. 9% from USD ~ million in 2005 to USD ~million in 2012†¦ Figure: Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012P 16,00,000. 0 14,00,000. 0 12,00,000. 0 USD Million 10,00,000. 0 8,00,000. 0 6,00,000. 0 4,00,000. 0 2 ,00,000. 0 0. 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012P 10  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied ASIA-PACIFIC INSURANCE MARKET SEGMENTATION BY GEOGRAPHY, 2005-2012P Asia-Pacific insurance industry is majorly contributed by 6 major countries such as Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, India and Australia with the share of ~% in 2012.Japan insurance market is the second largest in the world with the contribution of more than ~% in 2012†¦. The China insurance industry is China insurance industry is one of one of the predominant markets in the insurance industry the predominant markets in the in the Asia-Pacific region with a contribution of ~% of the insurance industry in the AsiaPacific region with a contribution direct written premium in the region in 2012†¦ South Korea is the third largest market with a contribution of ~% in 2012. The country insurance sector is more complicated with limited growth opportunities in comparison with the gro wing market in the region such as China and India†¦ of ~% of the direct written premium in the region in 2012.Table: Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Segmentation by Countries on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Billion, 2005-2012P Countries Japan China South Korea Taiwan India Australia Hong Kong Singapore Thailand Malaysia 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012P 11  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied Indonesia New Zealand Philippines Vietnam Pakistan Kazakhstan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Total 12  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied CHINA INSURANCE INDUSTRY CHINA INSURANCE MARKET SIZE BY DIRECT WRITTEN PREMIUM, 2005-2012 The Chinese insurance industry has seen rapid expansion during 2005-2012 and will continue to see high growth rates in the next few years.The insurance market in the country has witnessed a compound annual growth rate of ~% in the last seven years and has recorded direct written premiu m of USD ~ million in 2012†¦ Figure: China Insurance Market Size on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 3,00,000. 0 2,50,000. 0 USD Million 2,00,000. 0 1,50,000. 0 1,00,000. 0 50,000. 0 0. 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Note:Life Insurance is in Premium Income Non-Life Insurance is in Premium Income 13  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied CHINA LIFE INSURANCE MARKET CHINA LIFE INSURANCE CLAIM PAID, 2005-2012 China life insurance industry has paid a claim of USD 20,128. million in 2011 due to an occurrence of natural disaster in mainland China in the first half of 2011. China has been the world’s most existing marketplace for global insurers for a decade and it looks set to retain its status in the near future. The country life insurance industry has experienced an incline in claim paid from USD ~ million in 2010 to USD ~ million in 2011†¦. . Figure: China Life Insurance Market Claim Paid on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 25,000. 0 20,000. 0 USD Million 15,000. 0 10,000. 0 5,000. 0 0. 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Note:Life Insurance is in Premium Income 14  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copiedMARKET SHARE OF MAJOR LIFE INSURERS IN CHINA, 2012 China life insurance industry is a concentrated market with top five players contributing around ~% of the total life insurance direct written premium in 2012. China life is the leading player in China life insurance industry with the contribution of approximately ~% of the total direct written premium of the life insurance industry in China in 2012†¦. Figure 1: Market Share of Major Life Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2012 China Life shares Ping An Life New China Life CPIC Life PICC Life Taikang TPL (Taiping Life) Sino Life Others Note: Life Insurance is in Premium IncomeTable: Market Share of Major Life Insurers on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2012 Players China Life shares Ping An Life New China Life 2012 15  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied CPIC Life PICC Life Taikang TPL Sino Life Others Total Source: Insurance Association of China and Ken Research Note:Life Insurance is in Premium Income CHINA NON-LIFE INSURANCE MARKET NON-LIFE INSURANCE SEGMENTATION, 2005-2012 The country non life insurance market is dominated by property and casualty segment with the contribution of ~% in 2012†¦ The motor vehicle is the leading contributor in property and casualty segment China non life insurance market is dominated by property and with the share of around ~% in 2012.The motor vehicle casualty segment with the insurance is divided into two types such as compulsory contribution of ~% in 2012. liability and voluntary insurance. The second largest contributor in property and casualty segment is property with the share of approximately ~% in 201 2 followed by agricultural insurance with the share of ~% in 2012. The health insurance market contributes ~% of the non life insurance industry in China in 2012. The private health insurance coverage in the country has expanded and now it covers approximately ~% of China’s population. The health insurance coverage in the country has grown at an impressive rate of ~% annually over the past 10 years.The number of health insurance plan in the country has also increased from around ~ in 2008 to over ~ in 2011. 16  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied Figure 2: China Non life Insurance Market Segmentation by Property and Casualty and Health Insurance on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in Percentage, 2005-2012 100. 0% 90. 0% 80. 0% 70. 0% 60. 0% 50. 0% 40. 0% 30. 0% 20. 0% 10. 0% 0. 0% 2005 2006 Health Note:Non-Life Insurance is in Premium Income In Percentage % 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Property and Casualty CHINA PROPERTY AND CASUALTY I NSURANCE INDUSTRY CHINA PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE CLAIM PAID, 2005-2012The Chinese property and casualty insurance industry has paid USD ~ million claims in 2011 in which approximately USD ~ was paid in August 2011 which was recorded as the highest claim paid in the year†¦ In 2009, the combined ratio of property and casualty insurance industry has improved to ~% and this positive trend in the market is accelerated in 2010 and in the first half of 2011 in which the industry has recorded the combined ratio of ~% and ~% respectively for the top three insurers in the country which include PICC, Ping An Property and Casualty and CPIC Fiscal. 17  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied Figure: China Property and Casualty Insurance Market Claim Paid on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2005-2012 50,000. 0 45,000. 0 40,000. USD Million 35,000. 0 30,000. 0 25,000. 0 20,000. 0 15,000. 0 10,000. 0 5,000. 0 0. 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 20 09 2010 2011 2012 Note:Property and Casualty Insurance is in Premium Income CHINA MOTOR INSURANCE INDUSTRY CHINA MOTOR INSURANCE MARKET FUTURE OUTLOOK AND PROJECTION, 2013-2016 †¦The country automobile insurance market is expected to earn direct written premium of USD ~ million in 2016 which is up from USD ~ million in 2011. This is due to an expected increase in the car ownership in the country as there are only 35 million cars for the population of ~ billion in 2011. 18  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copiedFigure: China Motor Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 1,80,000. 0 1,60,000. 0 1,40,000. 0 USD Million 1,20,000. 0 1,00,000. 0 80,000. 0 60,000. 0 40,000. 0 20,000. 0 0. 0 2013 Note:Motor Insurance is in Premium Income 2014 2015 2016 19  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied ASIA-PACIFIC INSURANCE INDUSTRY FUTURE OUTLOOK †¦Overall, the market of the Asia-Pacific insurance is expected to grow at a CAGR of 11. 2% from 2013-2016. The market in the near future is expected to witness consolidation and higher competition level with the entrance of more global players in the market†¦ ASIA-PACIFIC INSURANCE INDUSTRY FUTURE PROJECTIONSBY GEOGRAPHY, 2013-2016 The Asia-Pacific Insurance industry is expected to grow at a CAGR of 11. 2% from 2013-2016 on account of rising population in the emerging market of Asia such as India and China. It is anticipated that the total direct written premium of the insurance products will increase to USD ~ million in 2016 from USD ~ million in 2012. Table: Asia-Pacific Insurance Market Projections by Countries on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 Countries Japan China South Korea Taiwan India Australia Hong Kong Singapore Thailand 2013 2014 2015 2016 20  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copiedMalaysia Indonesia New Zealand Philippines Vietnam Pakistan Kazakhstan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Total CHINA INSURANCE INDUSTRY FUTURE PROJECTIONS, 2013-2016 In the base case scenario analysis the insurance industry in the country is expected to grow at a phenomenal rate of 17. 7% in the next four years and is predicted to record the direct written premium of USD ~ million in 2016†¦ The worst case scenario analysis assumes that the country insurance market is anticipated to grow at a marginal rate of 6. 9% from 2013-2016 in comparison to the historical years†¦ The best case scenario analysis predicts the remarkable growth of 28. 5% in the next five years.The country’s insurance market is expected to record direct written premium of USD ~ million by 2016. 21  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied Figure: China Insurance Market Projections on the Basis of Direct Written Premium in USD Million, 2013-2016 8,00,000. 0 7,00,000. 0 6,00,000. 0 USD Million 5,00,000. 0 4,00,000. 0 3,00,00 0. 0 2,00,000. 0 1,00,000. 0 0. 0 2013 Worst Case Note:Life Insurance is in Premium Income Non-Life Insurance is in Premium Income 2014 Base Case 2015 Best Case 2016 22  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT FACTORS PREVAILING IN CHINA INSURANCE MARKETTable: Cause and Effect Relationship Analysis between Industry Factors and Expected Industry Prospects of China Insurance Market Industry Factors Strict Government Regulations and Support Increasing Population Market Impact Comments ? Cause: ? Positive Effect: ? Cause: ? Effect: ? Cause: ? Effect: ? Cause: ? Positive Effect: ? Negative Effect: Increasing Consumer Spending Intensifying Competition DISCLAIMER No part of this manual or any material appearing may be reproduced, stored in or transmitted on any other Web site without written permission of Ken Research and any payments of a specified fee. Requests to republish any material may be sent to us. 23  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied

Free Essays on Ethics in Business

Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, streams of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling fro m a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldn’t distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress o... Free Essays on Ethics in Business Free Essays on Ethics in Business Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, streams of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling fro m a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldn’t distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress o...

Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence

Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence Essay on Success and Failure of IntelligenceHistorically, intelligence played an important part in military operations and wars. However, intelligence operations may have not only positive but also negative effects on military operations as well as the balance of power between opposing parties. At this point, it is possible to refer to the experience of the US and allies’ intelligence during World War II, when the intelligence suffered both successes and failures. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the case of the failure of the US intelligence to foresee the attack of the Japanese on Pearl Harbor and the success of the allies’ intelligence in uncovering the way to crack Enigma, German encryption system used in the communication of Germans. These two cases reveal the full extent to which the intelligence operations may be influential and affect outcomes of large scale military conflicts. On the other hand, the revelation of the failure of the US intelligence in Pearl Harbor shows the importance of the intelligence as the agency that can foresee and prevent large scale military operations and failures of the national defense system. Therefore, successes and failures of the intelligence show that the intelligence plays an important part in military operations, wars as well as socio-political development of nations and the effective performance of intelligence can help nations to take a stronger position in the competitive struggle between nations and international relations.The failure of the US intelligence in Pearl Harbor is a well-known fact as well as the cracking of Enigma is a renowned success of the allies’ intelligence. However, from the scientific point of view, the failure or success of the intelligence should be grounded on the revelation of facts and evidence that prove that the particular intelligence operation. In this regard, to determine whether the particular intelligence operation was a success or failure, it is poss ible to elaborate criteria which mark the success of the intelligence operation. Criteria of the successful intelligence operation include several key elements (Cook, 2006). First, the intelligence operation is successful, if it has caused harms to the enemy. In fact, the ultimate goal of the intelligence operation is obtaining the target information or completion of the target action successfully that will directly or indirectly harm the enemy. For instance, even if the intelligence operation does not lead to the destruction of the enemy infrastructure, but helps to reveal certain information about the enemy’s infrastructure, then the intelligence will weaken the position of the enemy because the party conducting the military operation will know weak points in the defense line of the enemy.Second, the intelligence operation is successful, if it was conducted safely for agents and other stakeholders involved in the operation. The safety of agents is very important because, fi rst, the intelligence agency has to invest funds into training of its agents that means that the loss of agents is costly. Second, the loss of agents weakens the position of the intelligence that naturally cannot be the marker of success of the military operation. Therefore, the safety of agents is definitely the evidence of the success of the intelligence operation.Third, the intelligence operation is successful, if it allows saving life of soldiers and civilians of the party that conducts the intelligence operation or those of its allies. One of the primary goals of any intelligence operation is the safety of soldiers and civilians. The protection of soldiers and civilians and enhancement of their security proves that the intelligence operation is successful.Fourth, the intelligence operation is successful, if it contributes to saving facilities, infrastructure, military equipment and other items essential for the successful military operations of the party conducting the intellig ence operation. The protection of facilities and infrastructure is another priority of intelligence operations, especially, if they are conducted during the wartime. If intelligence operations secure the infrastructure and facilities of the party that conducts the intelligence operation then such intelligence operation is definitely successful.Fifth, the intelligence operation is successful, if its outcomes have a generally positive effect on the particular military conflict and balance of powers of parties involved in the war. Intelligence operations conducted during the wartime should have the long-lasting positive effects and bring positive impact on the position of the military of the party conducting the intelligence. In fact, truly successful intelligence operations may have the determinant effect on the development of military conflicts and large scale wars.Sixth, the successful intelligence operation remains unnoticed for the enemy until harmful effects of the operation beco me obvious or even after the end of the military conflict. The intelligence traditionally operates secretly. Therefore, if operations of the intelligence agency are uncovered, then they failed, while, on the contrary, if the enemy and public fails to notice the intelligence operation, then such operation is successful.The major success of the intelligence during World War II was cracking Enigma, German cryptographic system, which they used for radio and data transmission during the war. The operation was conducted by international intelligence forces, including Polish, French, American and British professionals. They coordinated their actions and the intelligence agencies of the allies collaborated to crack Enigma. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Enigma machine based its cipher capabilities on a series of wired rotor wheels and a plugboard. Through a web of internal wiring, each of the 26 input contacts on the rotor were connected to a different output contac t. The wiring connections of one rotor differed from the connections on any other rotor (Cornwell, 2008). Additionally, each rotor had a moveable placement notch found on an outer ring. The notch forced the rotor to its left to step one place forward. This notch could be moved to a different point on the rotor by rotating the outer ring. The Germans followed a daily list, known as a key list, to indicate where the notch should be placed each day (Cornwell, 2008). Theoretically, Enigma was considered to be extremely difficult to crack. Researchers (Cornwell, 2008) estimate that the Germans believed the encryption generated by the machine to be unbreakable. With a theoretical number of ciphering possibilities of 3 X 10114, their belief was not unjustified.Cracking Enigma was the results of the Polish breakthrough combined with a German traitor provided by the French that resulted in the major success against Enigma, since the British and Americans became able to expand their findings into breaking Enigma as well as even more resilient German Navy encryption. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Navy played the key part in the national security of the UK because the breakthrough of the Navy defense line would lead to the opening the way for landing the German army in the UK.The operation was conducted safely and did not cause casualties among the allies involved in the operation. In fact, all participants of the operations and agents remained safe and were not vulnerable to any prosecution or attacks from the part of Germans. They had managed to complete the intelligence operation successfully without being uncovered by the enemy. This is why the operation conducted by the allies’ intelligence to crack Enigma was successful. At the same time, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma involved the large scale cooperation of agents and intelligence agencies internationally. The intell igence operation involved professionals from Poland, France, the UK and the US and even a German traitor. Therefore, the operation involved a large number of people that apparently increased the risk of its failure because the more there are people involved in the intelligence operation the higher is the risk of the failure of the operation. In case of the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma all professionals working on the operation had managed to survive and remained undiscovered by the enemy. This is why this operation was apparently successful.Furthermore, the allies’ armies and infrastructure remained unharmed and, more important, the allies armies have got better opportunities to track the movement and actions of the enemy securing its position through deciphering the communication between Germans, who used Enigma or its navy encryption. In such a way, the German military faced the problem of information breaches since the allies had got an opportunity to decipher the communication of Germans. As a result, they had got access to the secret information and their interceptions could help them to understand what Germans planned to do and reveal German strategy and key military operations (Stinnett, 2009). In fact, the cracking of Enigma gave the allies the clue to the communication channels of Germans that apparently weakened German army and enhanced the position of the allies in the war.The cracking of Enigma cause substantial harms to Germans, who became vulnerable to unexpected actions and attacks of the allies, who deciphered German communication due to the successful intelligence operation of cracking Enigma. Germans could not be absolutely safe anymore because the allies could foresee their operations and actions due to the information which they intercepted from the communication between Germans. In such a situation, Germans could not conduct their operations successfully and the risk of their failure increased because they could not enc rypt their communication effectively, while their enemy, i.e. the allies, could elaborate effective counter strategies being aware of actions and plans of Germans.Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence part 2

Restrictive Appositives

Restrictive Appositives Restrictive Appositives Restrictive Appositives By Maeve Maddox Bob asks: Could you please explain restrictive appositives (Like, Have you read the novel a Separate Peace). Where you dont use commas. I find it a bit confusing. If you need a refresher, an appositive is: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these appositive examples, all of which rename insect: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table. Nouns are said to be in apposition when a noun or noun phrase is used to identify, define, or tell more about a preceding noun. When the appositive noun (the second one) is essential to the meaning of the sentence, it is said to be restrictive. In that case, no comma is used: Have you read the novel A Separate Peace? A Separate Peace specifies which novel is meant. It is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. When the appositive noun provides additional information that can be omitted without altering the sentences main thought, it is said to be nonrestrictive. George Clooney, the actor, is a social activist. The actor is additional information. Commas are used to separate it from the main thought. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsUsing the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

Introduction To HRM Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction To HRM - Coursework Example 9 2 What Information Could They Find Out? 9 Activity 1.3 13 1 Identify The Historical Influences On The Approach To HRM Adopted At Utility X? Give Reasons for Your Answer. 13 2 Why Do You Think Mike Finds His Working Environment Stressful? 14 3 Why Do You Think There Is A High Turnover Rate Among Staff In The Call Centre At Utility X? 14 4 If You Were In Mike’s Position What Would You Do? 15 Activity 1.3 Windows 16 1 Identify the Historical Influences Operating In Windows 16 2 Why Do You Think Jane Now Enjoys Working For Windows? 16 3 Which Organisation Would Your Prefer To Work For? Explain Why. 17 Activity 1.4 18 1 Using The Storey’s (1992), Table, Cited In Bloisi (2007) Page 15, Identify The Factors That Indicate That College Z May Be Taking A Personnel Or HRM Approach To Managing People In The Following Table: 18 2 Given The Factors Listed Above, Is College Z Taking A Personnel Approach Or HRM Approach? Explain Your Decision 19 3 Using The Storey’s (1992), Ta ble, Cited In Bloisi (2007) Page 15, Identify The Factors That Indicate That The Windows Case Study In Activity 1.3 May Be Taking A Personnel Or HRM Approach To Managing People In The Following Table: 20 4 Given The Factors Listed Above, Are Windows Taking A Personnel Approach Or HRM Approach? Explain Your Decision. ... What HR Models Do You Think Have Been Used? Give Reasons for Your Answer. 23 Using the Utility X Case Study from 1.3, Answer the Following Questions: 24 1 What Type of Approach to HRM Do You Think Has Been Adopted At Utility X? Give Reasons for Your Answer. 24 2 Explain What The Michigan Model Of HRM Is Based Upon And Describe How It Applies To Utility X. 24 Activity 1.6 25 1 Why In The Authors Views Is The ‘Employee Champion’ Role So Important? 25 2 Do You Agree or Disagree With the Authors’ Views in This Article? Give Examples Of Areas Of Agreement Or Disagreement And Explain Your Reasons. 25 3 Who Should Carry Out the ‘Employee Champion’ Role in Organisations? 25 4 Read The Last Paragraph Carefully. Do You Agree With The Authors’ Views? Explain Why This Is The Case. 26 5 How Can Line Managers And HR Managers Be Encouraged To Work Together For The Mutual Benefit Of The Organisation? 26 Activity 1.7 27 1 What Changes Have Been Made In Relation To HR Work Within The Hotel? 27 2 What Are The Benefits Of Making These Changes For The Organisation And Line Managers? 27 3 What Problems Can Occur When HR Work Is Devolved To Line Managers? 28 4 Why Do You Think The Line Managers Find HR Work Problematical? 29 5 Explain How HR And Line Managers Can Work Together More Effectively? 29 Bibliography 30 Activity 1.1 1 Identify The Different Activities That Susan Has To Carry Out In Relation To People Management As Part Of Her Role As Supervisor. Susan had the responsibility of arranging staff cover when the existing staffs were on leave. The pizza franchise was also planning on recruiting new staff. The advertisement for the purpose of recruitment would be drafted by Susan. An employee had mistakenly provided a free meal to a customer without

Psychology- Media File Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychology- Media File - Essay Example It also speaks of the child prostitution which takes place when a child is sent away from home in the quest of finding enough money to feed the other family dependents. This news story appealed to me because I think those parents who have no respect and dignity left for their own kids expect nothing from life. I believe they should be taken to task since they are ruining their children’s future as well as playing with their mental psyche. This news story presents the aspect of understanding what the child wants from life and what he is given in return. More than that, the aspects related with prostitution, child labor and begging are not even envisaged by the family when they give away their children so that they could come back with some money for the good of the family. Family violence contributes endlessly to these tactics by the parents who just want to satisfy their whims and short term desires over the long term growth of these kids. This indeed is a heinous activity to speak the least. This news story was published in the Baltimore Sun and it discusses the aspect of child discipline and Angelina Jolie’s domestic life which seems to be in the news for all the odd reasons. Her lawyers tried to protect her from a barrage of questions from the media where they raised a number of speculations in line with the release of the movie â€Å"A mighty heart†, based on the death of Daniel Pearl. Instead of answering questions related with the movie itself, she felt more happy at telling the media how she and Brad Pitt, her boyfriend, felt about disciplining children at home and thus she set a good precedent by talking about her personal life which can easily be an encouraging factor for her fans all over the world and thus they would take a leaf out of her book and look to discipline their own kids. This news story is indeed something very interesting about what Jolie thinks of her domestic life and in what manner she can

GPS and Fuction on the field on construction Term Paper

GPS and Fuction on the field on construction - Term Paper Example A global positioning system (GPS) receiver ensures that scrapers and graders are able to identify accurate courses with minimum reference to in ground markers. The field of view of the operator is built with light bars that give a signal of a proper angular view of the blades while the machine is in motion. The video display gives a proper cut view of the job site. The operators use a computer screen to keep track of the positions of their blades. The advantages of this include; accuracy, speed, improved productivity and a result which is of high quality. GPS ensures that the foremen and supervisors do not rest stakes but instead monitor work, cycle time and haul routes. Later on in the evening, the GPS-equipped vehicles are moved to where they are supposed to send progress data to the head office. The actual progress can then be checked and compared to the original schedule by the estimators. The automatic heavy equipments such as scrapers for instance use the GRS technology. GPS antenna is mounted on the scrapers bowl which enables the operator to differentiate the site plan and the depth cut. The earthmoving operations are safer because minimal time is taken on the work and few people take part. Road graders for instance have steel blade beneath the vehicle that are adjustable thus allowing the operator to control the angle and height of the blade when in operation. Graders that are equipped with GPS enables operators to control area they grade and where do not. The technology enables the operator to work on specified lengths instead of estimating the area to grade. Its blade is designed to grade a flat surface for the road construction, and it also levels surface of uneven ground, its blade can also be used to create ditches beside roads and drainage paths. This is done by the grader lowering the blades to the set height, and it pushes off the dirt until the road is

Drug and alcohol use in teens Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug and alcohol use in teens - Term Paper Example A good example is alcohol. It is highly important that people who are in their teens do not use drugs or alcohol as it will have a devastating effect on their bodies. This paper will examine this effect. First of all, one should point out that drugs, due to their nature, negatively affect the brain of a person – the organ which is still a mystery for the science (Scheier vii). Indeed, the nature of the drugs distorts the normal work of brain and it can hardly be restored to its fullest. In other words, it is important to keep in mind that drugs do harm to the body that can hardly be reversed, so if a person decides to take drugs, there is a little chance that one will be able to leave the path of addiction and become a normal individual once again. What is more important is that the minor harmful effects that the body might experience because of the drugs may last for a rather considerable amount of time (Hyde and Setaro 50). This means that one can not simply try drugs for on e time: the consequences which are unpleasant will keep appearing after the use. So, a person should understand that nothing is worth that. Indeed, one should acknowledge that unlike other substances, drugs influence the organism of a person on a much deeper level which makes them extremely dangerous. The â€Å"positive† effect that they drugs can be explained by the distorted functions of some organs; so, when a person takes drugs, one is deliberately tampering one’s body.

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example Cloud computing can involve the use of web applications, mobile applications, data centers and other virtual services. This form of online computing emerged around the year 1960 with the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Network (Mohamed, 2009). Today, cloud computing is being adopted in major businesses and organizations as a way of increasing efficiency and reducing operational costs. Cloud computing has three main models of application. The first model, Software as a Service (SaaS), entails the use of software applications provided by a SaaS provider (Sridhar, 2009). In this model, a client obtains access to the software applications through the use of a web browser. Another model is Platform as a Service  (PaaS). This involves the provision of a platform on which the client can create and deploy their own applications. The last approach is Infrastructure as a Service  (IaaS). In this model, the client is only provided with the physical computing resources and they create their own platform and applications. Businesses and organizations can benefit from cloud computing in several ways. Use of cloud computing services translates to reduced operational costs, since hardware or software resources or both are acquired by the service provider depending on the cloud computing model in use. In addition to this, other services such as backup and recovery plans, security implementations and hardware maintenance routines are taken care of by the service provider. A business that relies on a cloud computing approach therefore saves on the time and funds that would have been used in the accomplishment of these services. Security is a major concern in cloud computing. Cloud computing is vulnerable to malware injection attacks in which a hacker creates a malicious service implementation module or virtual system instance and tricks the cloud system into trusting it as a genuine module (Jensen, 2009). Denial of

Global Supply Chain Analysis of a Global Coffee Company Essay

Global Supply Chain Analysis of a Global Coffee Company - Essay Example The essay "Global Supply Chain Analysis of a Global Coffee Company" talks about the analysis of an entrance to a new market by Starbucks Corporation in Lithuania through theories. There are different strategy models which can be applied to Starbucks in order to analyze their current situation and steps to be taken for future internationalization. There are four strategies based on local responsiveness pressure and cost reduction pressure. They are global standardization strategy, transnational strategy, international strategy and localization strategy. In the case of Starbucks, the best strategy which can be incorporated is Global Standardization Strategy. This would enable the firm to expand over the larger geographical area and acquire high-profit margins. Global standardization strategy mainly states that the company follows the same strategy across the globe. This form of standardized strategy is reflected in its branding, products or services, customer support, etc. International strategy is all about implementing the best possible strategy to establish a strong market position. The four possible international strategies for Starbucks are joint ventures, franchising, exporting and acquisitions. Starbucks encompasses complex tasks from product manufacturing to delivery at retail stores. The company is inclined towards global resource span where it acquires cocoa beans from one country and milk from another distant location. This supply chain strategy enables the firm to spread its operations across many locations.

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example Cloud computing can involve the use of web applications, mobile applications, data centers and other virtual services. This form of online computing emerged around the year 1960 with the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Network (Mohamed, 2009). Today, cloud computing is being adopted in major businesses and organizations as a way of increasing efficiency and reducing operational costs. Cloud computing has three main models of application. The first model, Software as a Service (SaaS), entails the use of software applications provided by a SaaS provider (Sridhar, 2009). In this model, a client obtains access to the software applications through the use of a web browser. Another model is Platform as a Service  (PaaS). This involves the provision of a platform on which the client can create and deploy their own applications. The last approach is Infrastructure as a Service  (IaaS). In this model, the client is only provided with the physical computing resources and they create their own platform and applications. Businesses and organizations can benefit from cloud computing in several ways. Use of cloud computing services translates to reduced operational costs, since hardware or software resources or both are acquired by the service provider depending on the cloud computing model in use. In addition to this, other services such as backup and recovery plans, security implementations and hardware maintenance routines are taken care of by the service provider. A business that relies on a cloud computing approach therefore saves on the time and funds that would have been used in the accomplishment of these services. Security is a major concern in cloud computing. Cloud computing is vulnerable to malware injection attacks in which a hacker creates a malicious service implementation module or virtual system instance and tricks the cloud system into trusting it as a genuine module (Jensen, 2009). Denial of

Impact of Technology Essay Example for Free

Impact of Technology Essay Abstract The information technology investments have increased significantly with time and advancement in technology. In this study, an attempt is made to highlight how the information technology influences the organization productivity. The correlation between the information technology (IT) and productivity was very argumentative. Many studies were conducted to identify the impact of IT on productivity conclude different results. It is impossible to estimate the productivity growth due to the availability of so many advanced computer technologies, as it’s tough to consider all parameters involved while calculating productivity growth. Several researches and studies were documented stating positive effects of IT on productivity growth. But still there were few against this statement. Introduction The advancement in the information technology made both consumers and business enterprises to use it. Computers, laptops, wireless communications etc. are all part of IT and incorporated in every industry. Enterprises invest in these technologies because it was assumed technologies will enhance productivity. Companies aim to generate more business and high turnovers through less investment. In a race to gain more efficiency, the enterprises are adapting new technologies. Huge investments are made on new technologies to survive in industry. The major challenge is to produce high quality goods and services at low prices. Some enterprises understood the  value and importance of information technology and used it to deliver more products in less time and more reliable and convenient services at lower cost. This will also help to gain competitive advantage over rivals. It was illustrated in a study to generate high productivity growths from information technology; enterprises should cha nge the existing infrastructure as well as business practices (Brynjolfsson Brown, 2005). Many enterprises changed the organizational structure to exploit the full potential of information technology and its applications. Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1998) linked productivity with living standards to understand it better. They mentioned that value of productivity can be easily understood when related with our living standards. They highlighted the significance of productivity by comparing it with our living standards and mentioned that, â€Å"productivity growth determines our living standards and the wealth of nations.† This reflects the customers’ behavior to consume more in less money. They also point out that the concept of productivity is simple and vast but tough to measure with accuracy. Information Technology and Productivity Productivity was described as the amount of output generated for a certain amount of input (Brynjolfsson, 2003; Hitt Brynjolfsson, 1995). Productivity can also be defined as the measure of the quantity of outputs in goods and services per unit of input (Muriwai, 2006). Productivity can be measured either by keeping the output static or input. Productivity can be increased with increase in output keeping input constant or by decreasing the input keeping the output static. The term information technology was defined narrowly as the expenditures made on the computing hardware (Brynjolfsson, 2003 and Hitt Brynjolfsson, 2005). It was elaborated a little more as. All the computer software and hardware, tools and services used in the business processes and operations are a part of information technology. The investments in information technology were defined as the expenses on the computer hardware and software and all other devices related with IT (Morrison, 1997). The main purpose of these investments is developing a modern infrastructure within the organization to boost productivity of both organization and employees (Dehning, Dow, Stratopoulus, 2003). It was documented by Mahmood and Mann (2005) that  investment in IT was not sufficient enough to increase productivity. Strategic decisions had to be made whether investment in IT would help to accomplish objectives and goals set. A harmony must occur between IT investments and changes in business process to have high productivity growth, even greater than investment in information technology. Keller (2004) also stated that when IT is utilized appropriately at workplace that also helps a lot in productivity growth. Just investing in information technology is not sufficient to gain growth in productivity; but organization can visualize changes brought by information technology (Brynjolfsson Hitt, 1998; Dedrick, Gurbaxani Kraemer, 2003). A significant relation between IT investments per employee and overall productivity of company was found by Brynjolfsson (2003). The enterprises gained high productivity growth who invested huge sum in information technology effectively. But pattern of productivity growth across the enterprises varied no doubt the return from IT investment were positive (Brynjolfsson Hitt, 1998). It takes time to realize productivity gains from investments in information technology. It was supported by Mahmood and Mann (1988) that productivity growth and performance of the organization improves in time period of two or three years after investing in information technology. Dedrick et al. (2003) also believed that productivity gains are realized after a long time period. It was highlighted in their research that information technology payoffs are high when firms’ effectively apply information technology in long run. It’s easy to measure productivity when tangible products and goods are produced as in the manufacturing sector. An input alteration in the manufacturing process can bring substantial changes in productivity. For instance, the use of automation technology and robotics produce outputs of good quality (Kao Liu, 2005). On the contrary, it’s tough to measure and improve productivity in service sector. It’s next to impossible to evaluate the productivity of an employee. A method was proposed by Tallon and Kraemer (2006) to measure precisely the impact of information technology on productivity. A method of perceptual measures was recommended by them. Perceptual measures would bring new scope to study impact of technology on productivity. They described it as â€Å"perceptual measures, if structured around information technology impacts at the process-level, can yield richer insights than objective criteria alone†. Authors’ Agree and Disagree: The research was done by many to study the impact of IT on productivity (Brynjolfsson Brown, 2005; Brynjolfsson Hitt, 1998; Melville, Kraemer Gurbaxani, 2004 and Kudyba, 2004). The expectation that productivity will certainly increase by utilizing the IT were not always true. But researches ended up with different conclusions, some stated positive impacts of IT on productivity and others negative. Information technology had negative impact on productivity. Mahmood and Mann (2005) mentioned in their study that there is no adequate evidence available in past researches showing the positive effects of IT on productivity. It was also supported by Dedrick et al. (2003) stating, â€Å"Studies have failed to identify a relationship between information technology investment and firm profitability.† The term productivity paradox was introduced by Robert Solow in 1987 explaining the inability of the information technology contributing towards firm productivity (Solow. 1987). He made a statement that growth in productivity was not accompanied by the information technology. He also discussed that the companies didn’t had expected results in productivity after investing in Information technology. He quoted, â€Å"You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics†. In my opinion and during my research I realized that impact of IT on productivity had mixed reviews from different authors, researchers and economists. Researchers used new approach to reveal the hidden positive effects of IT on productivity. Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1998) illustrated that â€Å"Information technology has a positive and significant impact on firm output, contradicting the claims of a productivity paradox (p52).† This was also supported by Brynjolfsson (2003) and Dedrick et al. (2003) that productivity including the output per worker annually had increased significantly with use of information technology. It was mentioned by Kudyba (2004) that the output can be upraised with increased information technology skills. The new information technology and techniques effectively when used by the companies, those companies are productive than who don’t use it (Brynjolfsson Brown, 2005). When the technologies and techniques were used perfectly and timely, yield high level of productivity. The three ways were  discussed by Brynjolfsson (2003), Keller (2004) and Brynjolfsson Hitt (1998) to recognize productivity growth from IT: by decreasing the cost on Information technology and keeping the benefits from business stagnant; increase the benefits from business and keeping the investment in Information technology constant; or reduce the cost of information technology and benefits increase from business. The information technology is important and valuable for organization (Melville et al., 2004). They also stated that effective and efficient use of information technology can yield potential benefits, like cost reduction, improving quality and at last productivity. The companies, who used information technology effectively, had also observed an increase in price of their market share more than others. It had been reported by Mahmood and Mann (2005) that both IT labour and computer resources contribute towards return on investments. They also mentioned in their report that effective enterprises have developed and improved their infrastructures and investing highly in information technology. Information technology is a medium through which the information can be distributed easily within organizations. The highly advanced IT infrastructures create an atmosphere within organization that encourages decentralized process of decision making (Brynjolfsson Brown, 2005). When modification of the business processes is done within organizations, it becomes necessary to integrate information technologies. The productivity can be enhanced by integrating information technology investments with decentralize process of decision making (Melville et al., 2004). The integration of information technology investments and other investments within business also proves to be beneficial (Brynjolfsson Hitt, 1998). The operations and business processes within the organization must be evaluated and ensure that existing business environm ent can adapt the new technology, before future information technology investments made (Zhou Chen, 2003). The predictable and estimated outcomes can be realized from IT investments through integration of technologies and current business processes (Kudyba, 2004). It becomes important to restructure the business processes with the changing business environments when new information systems are set up (Zhou Chen, 2003). McNamara and Watson (2005) also reported that the integration of the existing technology systems with new technologies within organizations yields the expected productivity growth.  They also discussed how the existing technologies can be employed in various business operations, it equally productive as investing in new information technologies. Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1998) found that â€Å"The greatest benefits of computers appear to be realized when computer investment is coupled with other complementary investments; new strategies, new business processes and new organizations all appear to be important in realizing the maximum benefit of information technology† . The companies must integrate all daily activities, decentralize decision process, flow of information from high to low level, this will enhance productivity growth and all these attributes directly or indirectly contribute to information technology (Brynjolfsson, 2003). The organizations use various methods and measures like product quality, profitability, and value of market shares to measure productivity (Dedrick et al., 2003). There is a possibility that productivity can also be gained through effective management. It was observed that productivity can be increased by information technology and make worth for consumers (Hitt Brynjolfsson, 1995). Devaraj and Kohli (2003) proposed a method which requires elevation of the IT usage at the employees’ level individually and then finally investigating its effect on organizational performance. Employees’ of modern organization may call it push or pull of IT investments. This phenomenon of push or pull in IT investments may inspire employees’ for using new technologies and this may lead to productivity improvements. Kudyba (2004) mentioned that competitive advantage can be gained by hiring skilled and experienced employees. In my view, the employees must be trained to use new technologies or companies should hire skilled and experienced employees. It also depends how the new technologies are being utilized by the enterprises to enhance their productivity. Only those companies will maximize their productivity that will use the technology perfectly and timely. I have also learned during my research that productivity doesn’t depend on one factor, there are number of parameters that affect the overall productivity of the organizations. The accurate methods are required for calculating the productivity, to recognize the growth of productivity. Rather than focusing on productivity only, enterprises should develop new strategies to integrate t echnologies with new opportunities. The barriers to entry can be easily terminated by raising the firm’s efficiency and gaining competitive advantage. Benefit to Manager There is a big challenge ahead for all the mangers and decision makers how to consume the information technologies at best and have maximum benefits. It’s not compulsory that the companies will have same levels of productivity if provided with same information technology, it depends how the technology is utilized to have high growth in productivity (Brynjolfsson, 2003). To maintain competitive advantage in the industry, the managers had to find new ways in which they can exploit the full potential of technologies differently from their rivals. Melville et al. (2004) mentioned the competitive advantage gained through human resource and technical synergies cannot be maintained for long. A strategy or mechanism had to develop to gain competitive edge for long periods and which is not easy to imitate. The competitive advantage can be maintained until others don’t follow what you are doing, once others start following your techniques it’s tough to sustain competitive advantage (Brynjolfsson, 2003). I believe that managers should examine future values of all IT investments when productivity results were not up to the level of expectations. The organizational leaders are not ready to invest more on technologies, when results from previous IT investments are not beneficial enough (Devaraj Kohli, 2003). A big challenge for the leaders to justify future investments in technologies when there is no significant evidence of productivity improvement from previously investments in information technologies (Dehning, Dow, Stratopoulus, 2003). Managers should focus on other aspects of business process also rather than on productivity alone. Hitt and Brynjolfsson (1995) discussed that managers should concentrate more on how information technology can be used to improve product quality and customer service. Information technology has the potential to reduce the expenses on such services and change the mode of production and delivery of the goods and services so can’t be easily imitated by competitors (Hitt Brynjolfsson, 1995). The uniqueness in utilizing the information technologies in business operations and processes is the key to stay ahead of the competitors in the market. This not only provides competitive advantage but also increases the overall growth in productivity. Conclusion The conclusion can be drawn that investing in information technology doesn’t  have any positive impact on productivity growth until utilized properly and effectively. The impact of investing in technologies can be realized how organizations utilize technologies effectively depending on the current situations of organizations and derive expected productivity results. The invention of telecommunication, computer software and hardware had totally changed operations within the organizations. The use of these forms of technology was extensively popular and in-demand among the various industrial sectors. The enterprises had changed their existing infrastructures to adapt these new technologies. The meaning both consumption and productivity have changed with innovation of information technology. Organizations across the globe are implementing new technologies to enhance the daily business activities with the purpose to survive and compete in this new global world of information tec hnology. References Brynjolfsson, E. (2003). ROI valuation :The IT productivity gap. (21). Retrieved from http://ebusiness.mit.edu/erik/Optimize/pr_roi.html. Brynjolfsson, E., Brown, P. (2005). VII pillars of IT productivity. Optimize Manhasset.4(5), 26-35.Retrived from http://www.georgeschussel.com/wpcontent/uploads/articles/NY6420050502_erik.pdf. Brynjolfsson, E., Hitt, L. M. (1998). Beyond the productivity paradox. Communications Of The ACM, 41(8), 49 55. Retrived from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.1657rep=rep1type=pdf Dedrick, J., Gurbaxani, V., Kraemer K.L. (2003). Information Technology and Economic Performance: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence. ACM Computing Surveys ,35(1),1-28.Retrived from Business Source Complete. Dehning, B., Dow, K. E., Stratopoulos, T. C. 2003. The info-tech â€Å"Productivity Paradox†dissected and tested. Management Accounting Quarterly,5(1),31-39. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Devaraj, S., Kohli, R.(2003). Performance impacts of information technology: Is actual usage the missing link?. Management Science, 49(3),273-289. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Hitt, L. Brynjolfsson, E. (1995). Productivity, profit and consumer welfare: Three different measures of information technologys value. MIS Quarterly, 20(2), 121 -143. Keller, E. (2004). What Is Your IT Productivity. MSI 22(2), 33 34. Kudyba, S. (2004). The productivity pay-off from effective allocation of IT and non- IT labour.