Classical Realism and Neo- Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classical reality and Neo- Realism - Essay ExampleRealism is basically a attribute to look at the relations between several(predicate) states being insecure and constantly gaining index finger. In other words, it could be said that under the study of realism, states remain in state of war to exercise their reason to get more privilege than other states of the world. As studied by Hans Morgenthau, all states seek power that makes them to remain in a state craft. It is the strength of realism in explaining the war that it defines the phenomenon of politics in a sole larger aspect of external system. Realism posits that it is mainly because there is no commanding authority above the states that would allow rules and policies for them to follow to restrain international relations with other states. It is because of the insecurity among states that leads to war. Realism falls short in explaining the causes of war in terms of international system being categorised in different polar ity. This weakness has been addressed in theories which were coined later. On the other hand, neo-realism refers to the causes of war being as the result of polarity of international system. This states that international systems being categorized in bipolar and multi-polar systems have different degree of probability for being at war. Under this position, multi-polar international system which is basically formed with the cellular inclusion of more than two countries is safer and less likely to result in a war. This is merely because the bipolar international system including two states.

Human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human resources management - establish ExampleJustification regarding such statement can be provided by taking consideration of the types of employee plight and employee health check-up programs conducted by HSBC on the periodic basis. In addition, in order to promote and nondiscriminatory workplace environment, the organizations bespeak to be committed to developing a workplace culture wherein every individual is treated equally without any discrimination, Besides, managers within the workplace need to be trained in such as stylus who are capable of resolving any workplace challenges without any biases or favouritism. In addition, it should incorporate lower limit salary structure that would be provided to the employees within the organization irrespective of nationality and cultural background. The above-mentioned facts fuddle been exceedingly effective in context to elaborating the initiatives undertaken by HSBC Holding plc towards ensuring its workforce development and wel fare. Throughout the discussion, multiple facts have been provided that illustrates how this multinational financial organization manages its employees and workplace diversity. Within the discussion, the specific amount of focus has been provided upon the implementation of varied HRM theories that projects the reflection of a diversified workforce within this brand. In a contradictory manner, certain discrepancies in context to supporting the supporting the small and medium sized business processes within the UK that have been categorise as a major weakness of the organization.

IKEA Stores Layout and Sizes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IKEA Stores Layout and Sizes - Assignment ExampleIt was impressed upon his young mind that the more or less should be made out of the limited resources and that the essentials of modern living may be acquired at likely cost. From the time he set up his first business in the 1930s and registered as IKEA in 1943, Kamprads overriding strtegy was to adopt every cost-cutting solution that did not compromise quality and innovative ideas (Ikea.com, 2012). The plat that follows shows IKEAs key strategical thrusts by which it seeks to flesh out Kamprads vision. Central to the strategy is the aboveboard and creative design which is well-received by the market it is distributed finished large stores with a wide range of products, every last(predicate) priced inexpensively, designed in flat packs, and requiring client assembly. IKEAs Strategic Direction (http//sites.google.com/site/faizahmadali/IKEA.JPG) The manner by which the stores provide customer get toibility to a wide selection of useful products, and the manner by which the products argon inexpensively priced, easily stored and transported through flat packed boxes, and engage end-user participation in their assembly totally contribute to customer engagement through low cost, durable quality, and aesthetic appeal. 2. Three organizational tautnesss, and how the strategic direction addresses them. The diagram on the next page shows a strategic map of the company, identifying in mordant the central goal of providing furniture and accessories for the home, the four principal strategic objectives arranged in a fledge around the goal, and the elements that support the goal and objectives. http//www.monografias.com/trabajos89/strategy-michael-porter/image011.jpg The elements that contribute to the realization of the objectives or goals provide clues to various organizational tensions amongst the hard and its stakeholders, due to factors both internal and external to the organisation. By tension is meant the e xistence of clashing interests surrounded by stakeholders and the company. For IKEA, some customers have taken issue with (and even ridiculed) the manner by which IKEA products presume the customers adequate capableness in assembling the product. This creates tension in the need to design easy-to-assemble units vis-a-vis the need to engage customer participation in the assembly process. Internal IKEA store layout featuring products flatpack design (Facenda, 1999) A second source of tension is the need to create a variety of designs, which clashes with the need to reduce manufacturing costs. Ordinarily, cost reduction is best achieved through product standardization, rather than product diversification needed to produce a variety of products . By seeking to diversify but at the same time mass-produce, tensions are created between the production unit of the firm and the marketing unit which identifies the variety of product lines offered in IKEA stores. Finally, a third source of te nsion is in the size of IKEA stores and its repercussions upon the community. The size of IKEA stores are as a rule large enough to enable customers to access all possible

Scientific paper on a specific management issue Assignment

scientific paper on a specific management issue - Assignment Examplebeen significant faulting in regard to business that originated from enhanced communication, digitization as well as globalization, and this transformation has comfortably changed the nature of different organizations and the manner in which they carry out their daily operations. These changes affect all the industries, therefore, encompass and adapting to these changes is important to the commencement and growth of businesses.The managements of companies all over the world that are not theme(a) firms any longer but have subsidiaries in numerous countries are rapidly becoming multi-national enterprises. Therefore, companies from any nation are now in competition with those operating not only in their local markets but in any case in the global markets. The ties companies initially had to specific locations are reducing with the increased spread of operations and consort all over the globe. Starting and opera ting subsidiaries in foreign nations needs a lot of fundamental interaction with the domestic environment since the marcher gets majority of its resources from the local environment. The national culture of the country that a subsidiary is operating in sets the standard for acceptable social behavior and this affects the sourcing of workers making a study of the national culture important to the establishment of subsidiaries as well as their operation. In this context, this study seeks to identity the bushel of national culture on patterns of staffing for subsidiaries. Based on the dissimilarities associated with national cultures, the staffing approach taken in the home nation and host nation may be significantly different. In order to assess this, an delay of culture, what is meant by the culture of a nation, what is staffing and the manner in which staffing is different in various cultural contexts mustiness be developed.In order to appreciate national cultures and the level t o which they affect businesses especially subsidiaries, it is imperative to develop an

Write Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write Experience - Essay ExampleThey deliver on while and follow our quality procedures, which our contract stipulated. Unfortunately, they have had lapses in their quality assurance procedures, due to a tug strike that affected their workforce. Because of this, the remaining workers were pressed to do more(prenominal), which obviously, they could not achieve. Several employees admitted being too deteriorate for the quality check procedures we had asked them to perform. On June 2, 2012, only one employee was present for quality checks, instead of three, and he worked retroflex shifts. This affected his judgment and he missed checking several packages, which the CCTV also showed. Because of this, some of the ingredients that the supplier delivered had been contaminated and palliate delivered to us.At present, we are working with the supplier regarding this problem. They admitted their quality lapses and are willing to pay for the hospitalization and aesculapian expenses of thos e who are affected. We also suspended our contract with them, until they could hire enough people for their quality management system. At present, we already contracted a new supplier, who agreed to our renewed meticulous quality standard system.In addition, we also assigned one of our staff to conduct additional quality checks. She is Mrs. Linda Ashcroft, a nutritionist and feed technologist. She will be in charge of designing, assessing, and implementing food quality standards. She presently evaluated our delivery, storage, cooking, and do systems and provided recommendations that we will direct implement. We also invited the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to conduct a monthly review of our food and service quality. They are willing to send representatives to perform regular inspections.We hope that through these efforts, we can regain your cartel in our restaurant. We will do better from this time forward and we will be become more critical of our quality standards and pr ocedures, and subject our suppliers to the

Norton Lilly International Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Norton Lilly International - Case Study ExampleThe agencys mission is to restore operational susceptibility thereby helping to increase its profitability. The go with sort to achieve this mission by pursuing growing which would see it double its size (Burton and Gamble 368). In addition, the agency had an objective of ensuring a smooth innovation as it was on the verge of being passed over to the next generation of in the family (Burton and Gamble 368). Basically, the company wanted to have a turnaround system which would ensure both operational efficiency and profitability.In the first stage of the endeavor to bring about efficiency at the agency required the maturation of a strategy. The strategy was found on ensuring the company achieves sustainable private-enterprise(a) advantage and could be based on five different perspectives that include Dominant Industry Economic Features, Five Forces Analysis, Competitive Analysis, trick out and PESTEL and Financial. Generic strate gies may also form the basis for crafting a business strategy. A business discharge rely on a combination of perspectives or all of them. Based on the dominant perseverance perspective economic features, Burton first role in developing the strategy was to assess the business to place the areas that could help the company get a strong foundation for execution (Burton and Gamble 370). Under this approach, meat business areas are assessed and addressed given(p) that they support other parts of the company. This is also incongruent with the competitive advantage approach which calls for one to assess the strengths and maximize them to ensure achieve the mission set out. The crafting of the strategy execution was also based on PESTEL analysis whichpostulates that a strategy must assess the affectionate perceptions of the population involved (Goodstein and Burke 5). Consequently, Burton understood that he was bringing change among a group of people who were equally competent and t hence he had to introduce ideas hat could be easily accepted and therefore he chose an incremental approach. The other components of PESTEL require the political, environmental, technological, economic and legal macro-environment within which a business is conducted given that they may affect its growth.

Concert Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concert Reports - Essay guinea pigAfter the piece was over, soloist violin artists took to the stage to give Tang a chance to prepare for the siemens piece. The stretching of the strings put a soft tune to calm the audience after a blast performance. After 30 seconds Tang performed Ballade No.4 by Fredrich Chopin. It is important to observe that Tang has toured many countries globally and has won numerous awards for her prowess in music. The second piece started smoothly and the tune soon picked up to an impetuous rhythm so amazing that I had lost taste for the first performance. It was so flimsy how she performed it.Following the intermission was Slavonic Dances for piano by Antonin Dvorak. Deborah the guest performer for the night showcased her talent with the piano. She visualised her breathtaking virtuosity as her fingers ran up and down in a scale to demonstrate her very spectacular dexterity. Her hands ran across the piano keyboard harmoniously producing notes that overwh elmed the audience with her delicate notes that were so breathtaking. At the end of the song, she produced justly notes that left some audience mouth wide agape.The concluding performance was Trio in E-flat Major, Op.40 by Johannes Brahms and performed by Corbin Wagner, Horn and Hai Xin Wu. The pair made a lasting impression not only on me, plainly also on the entire audience because of how the notes from the piano rhymed with the violin and how the combined note was produced thunder infused with life. The piece was so illuminating that it started with the blasts of the trumpets as if it was a military parade but the echoes of the piano and the violin in background made the audience to jump up and down from one(a) sit to another. The pair showed their command over the brass instruments such that the audience applause was their plea for more(prenominal) which was the case.Attending the concert is the best thing that happened to me. The performers showed their technical skills and

American Past Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

the Statesn Past - Essay ExampleTo down the stairsstand the the Statesn historical expansion, an extensive analyses and evaluation of the existing prime root words is significant. The essay analyses and evaluates two closely related primary sources of the Statesn past from Reading the American Past Volume 1 by Michael Johnson (a write up of the unite States of America and America revolution in South Carolina). The essay will as well fatten out in detail some of the main developments in American history. One primary source (A history of the United States of America) expounds on revolutionary incidences in the United States of America while the other sources (America Revolution in South Carolina) is focused on slave spate in america and its impacts to novel development.The two documents under study present a wide range of information on social, cultural, political, and economic development of Americas historical past. The American Past Volume 1 was authored by Michael Johnson. The main aim of the text, A History of the United States of America source was to incorporate ideas and experiences from different scholars in one volume. The source was also intended to provide a trustworthy basis for explaining contemporary developments in the United States of America. Michael has offered a determinative overview of the historical social, economic, and political challenges in the development of modern global superpower state that is the United States of America. ... American History Volume one author has as well documented the American Revolution in South Carolina, a source that talks about slave trade and slavery. The source was anticipated to confuse details on the role of immigrants, native inhabitants and slaves to the modern flourishing economic prosperity in America. The source also clarifies on the historical American revolutions that were solely responsible for the modern American civilization. The sources expounds on the incidents that took stupefy in the settlement and exploration of American states, especially in South Carolina. The author outlines the impact and component part of the initial inhabitants in the development Carolina states. The sources also analyses how the modern unique Carolina states cultures was shaped by slave trade and immigrants. The get-go source A History of the United States of America was documented to help scholars, economists, politicians and historians appreciate and hire the past incidents and experiences in coming up with productive and sensible decisions and policies. The source is also significant to modern learners and thinkers as it offers an insight on the necessities relevant in modern and future development. The second source America revolution in South Carolina has emerged as an incredibly relevant source of information to the United States of America learners. Lawmakers and legislatures have used the source to make laws and policies that will minimize gender and racial based discrimi nation. The first source has as well offered an intensive explanation on historical wars, violence and their impact on ancient economic development. The source has also explained views and perceptions of different

Life, legacy and leadership of luis farrakhan Essay

Life, legacy and leadership of luis farrakhan - Essay ExampleIn February 1955, while attending a tuneful concert in Chicago, Louis was invited to attend the rural area of Islam Saviour Day Convention. In this convention, he discovered a different calling and following encouragement Malcolm X, he joined the Nation of Islam, an organization established in the 1930s by Elijah Muhammad. Louis rose with the hierarchy and was later bestowed the holy name, Farrakhan by the figureheads leader Muhammad. When Elijah Muhammad the founder died in 1975, the Nation of Islam went into organizational chaos and eventually fragmented. One of Muhammads sons brought the movement to the formal tenets and practices of Orthodox Islam. Farrakhan withdrew from this Islamic organization and re-established the old Nation of Islam in which he remained loyal to the precepts and practices of its fountain patriarch. Louis stepped into Muhammads leadership mantle where he remained fiery and outspoken on social , political, racial and religious issues. In my view, he carved himself into an image of a militant spokesman for the conservative black nationals. In 1979 through the Nation of Islam movement, Farrakhan founded the Final Call, a weekly newspaper similar to the schoolmaster Muhammad Speaks started by Malcolm X in which Farrakhan ran a weekly column (Kippenberger, 31). American politics are viewed as being free from threats of tyranny, dictatorship and a solid commitment to civil rights liberties and rights of individual citizens and minority groups as enshrined in the U.S constitution. On the contrary, Farrakhan through his speeches and views raises racial disharmony. He is an influential participant in the national black American politics and history. He continues to turn on oppression in the U.S educational system, government and urban communities, the suffering endured by African-Americans, other ethnicities and racial groups. galore(postnominal) diverse local and global organ izations hail Farrakhan as a champion in the struggle for emancipation from oppressive treatment, justice and equality especially in uplifting and reforming the black community. With some scientific inclination, Farrakhan claims that blacks were the original human species and often quotes scientific findings of the oldest human being as being black (Kayyali, 173). He is wellhead known for leading the Nation of Islam, an African-American movement that has practiced elements of Islam and Black Nationalism. The most significant exploit in civic rights activism was the 1995 Million Man troop in Washington D.C. The march took a ameliorate message and was inspired by concerns over the negative image of black men propagated by the media and choose industry linking the black community to drugs, illicit sex and gang violence. He harnessed dialogue among gangs in the ghettos in major cities in America to reduce the level of social violence (Singh, 265). He couch up an economic channel as a base for blacks to excel in business through education and training. He sought to bring solutions to the challenges of war, poverty, discrimination and the right to an education. In 2000 he convened the Million Family March to unite the human family, presided many weddings and re-commitment of vows. In 2005, upon the 10th anniversary of the

Ebonics dialect Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ebonics dialect - Research composition ExampleThe better understanding of a quarrel does not come through following the unrelenting rules that prescribes how the grammar and structure of the language should be applied. The understanding of language clearly sets in, when the learners choose not to follow the normative usage (Curzan, 870). There is dispute on the fact that learning to apply the rules of Standard English language is essential, most especially considering that it is the formal and official language that is applied in business meetings, news see and in different another(prenominal) global social and political platforms. In addition, the education, general publications and any other formal documents also apply Standard English (Curzan, 873). Thus, there is no doubt that there is a need for learners to understand the application of the Standard English, if they are to become effective communicators beyond their current classroom contexts. However, while teaching the St andard English language, it is only essential that it is not applied as the banner of measure against which other non-standard or derivative English languages should compare their grammar and sentence structure. This position has been advanced by Anne Curzan, who argues that it would certainly be wrong pretending that written Standard English is above question (Curzan, 871). This essay, then, aims to accentuate that it is the social perception, as opposed to the inherent superiority of a language, that gives language its importation.According to David Wallace, the essence of a language rests in its prevalence over everything and its applicability everywhere, such that the grammar purists, whom he also refers to as snoots, draw a more glorious moment than the computer nerds (Wallace, 48). This argument serves to drive to the point that language derives its meaning from its applicability, more than from the actual fact that it is a superior or inferior language. Therefore, Wallace then holds that the application of

Liturgy and the Microphone Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liturgy and the Microphone - Coursework ExampleExperience would tell me that an impelling sermon touches certain domains of the mind and the heart and provokes past as well as present private issues. These issues may refer to encounters of pain, happiness, or grief. Most of all, they refer to matters pertaining to spirituality and how it can be strengthened.Eliot describes such a phenomenon as the workings of the auditory imagination in which the mind seems to travel back in metre and results in a merging of earlier and current times (qtd. in Mcluhan 107). As the words tranquillise in the distance, a kind of progression takes place especially when the core is relevant to what has happened or what is briefly happening in the persons life. The microphone then is like an instrument in neuro-linguistic program that is often used as a therapeutic intervention to deal with various psychological problems. By listening to a psychotherapist, the person is being guided to a particular p lace in his sentience that will give him access to personal issues and gradually attempt to resolve them in the same plane.However, the sense of mental and emotional processing that will take place is silence dependent on the listeners willingness to focus on what is being said. If the person is not really interested in the message or is too distracted by other thoughts to allow anything else to sink in, the volume and quality of the croak produced through the microphone will not matter to any extent. As such, the microphone may assume a public address system during the mass, but the overall experience in consciousness is still private and individual.Similarly, I disagree with Mcluhans contention that the use of the vernacular pace through the microphone discourages meditation unlike what is happening during a relaxed Latin Mass (Mcluhan 110). Among all the church goers, only a few could comprehend Latin and cannot start then to

Marketing in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

merchandise in Practice - Essay ExampleMarketing is based on five Ps to wit product, place, price, promotion, and people (Russel 2008, p.12) and through merchandising, marketers identify market needs, and prices that consumers will be willing to pay for products addressing those needs (Blythe 2005, p.4) development people in global markets by communicating the specific places where they can be found, and their prices. This way, promotion marketing increases sales substantially, in sum total to collecting market feedback regarding consumer tastes and preferences, and addressing specific market needs. Marketing promotion strategies can great potential for the depository library of Birmingham, which if explored to the maximum could have the impact of improving the library experience and increase attendance substantially. For instance, marketing promotion strategies will increase the librarys visibility to the market two around and beyond Birmingham thereby creating aw beness of th e library and its services fulfilling the marketers objectives. ... Marketing promotion strategies are centred on the Library of Birminghams exciting displays of content, internal organization, rich archival offers, and user help guidelines that offer readers enhance new experiences especially in terms of the ease of finding books. Additionally, marketing promotion strategies focus on the library of Birminghams innovative technologies such as online search databases that have greatly transformed the library experience for instance, readers are able to evaluate particular resources in the library through online database reviews and can render book orders without necessarily visiting the physical store. Overall, marketing promotion objectives for the Library of Birmingham are to increase the matter of visitors, internet users, book borrowers, Family History service users, in addition to increasing the library use by underrepresented ethnic minority and socially excluded groups, and the librarys use for learning and study. This paper presents a traverse on the marketing promotion situation analysis of the Library of Birmingham using the SOSTAC model this report aims at establishing the librarys current promotion and public relation marketing strategies, key objectives, in addition to a strategic direction action plan, and the control metrics. Apart from that, this report will also see a number of recommendations for the librarys promotion and public relation marketing strategies, specific goals that should be focused in the approaches, and viable future trajectory options for the library of Birmingham. Introduction Marketing promotion strategies are increasingly becoming a focal point of management in the business world instantly due to increasing pressures in the complex market environments in this

Story of an Hour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Story of an Hour - Assignment ExampleThe narrative is just so full of figures of speech, one has to re onlyy spend time meditating on the symbolisms to fully understand what the story is all about. Although during the initial reading, the reader could understand the events in the story however, it still requires an in-depth analysis for one to really tonicity and understand the story behind the story.Selina Jamil thinks The Story of an Hour is an expression of emotions which she strongly supports through the symbolisms in the story. For instance, Mrs. mallards heart trouble is perceived as an emotional trouble rather than a physiological one (Jamil). While other women might easily be been afford to accept their fate as being the housekeepers and even husband and children keepers, it is interesting to note that not all men be created fitting and Mrs. Mallard is not the common type who would just be satisfied with her share in life. She was the charr who loved the outdoors and w hose dreams are not bound within the four walls of her house rather are far and beyond what her eyeball can see as it was then revealed as she was alone in her room thinking about how she would be living after her husbands burial. Aside from the breeding directly unveiled in the story, symbolisms help to further picture the desires of the main character.The open window that meets her eyes as she opens her room tells a lot about Mrs. Mallard. The room itself is a picture of her private, unspoken thoughts and desires. entree it without letting anyone follow her could paint the picture of Louises secrets that are not meant to be revealed rather are hers alone. The comfortable, roomy armchair is a representation of the ease she can have with her thoughts and herself in the privacy of her room (Lorcher) and the open window symbolizes the window to herself, her heart. This could be

Leadership Traits of Hilary Clinton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Leadership Traits of Hilary Clinton - Assignment ExampleClinton can be traced to preserve a number of valuable traits that led her to become a prospered leader in different spheres. An awful aptitude of resilience and adaptability towards performing different roles in various critical situations has been apparently observed to be one of the ways, which led her to become a renowned as well as a successful leader. On a further note, the consistent focus on maintaining a strong set of set and work ethics with possessing veritable behavioral characteristics can also be duly considered as the otherwise way of leading Mrs. Clinton to be an effective leader (Shambaugh, 2010). With regards to the fundamental principles and key elements, the leading styles of Mrs. Clinton can be related to that of the functions performed by a successful manager. It can be affirmed from a broader understanding that certain facets or qualities of Mrs. Clinton ultimately led her to become a manager as wel l. In this regard, these facets or qualities can be measured in terms of possessing greater aptitude of resilience and most vitally be making effective decisions towards mitigating any sort of risks among others (Shambaugh, 2010). Despite the prevalence of strong values and ethical conducts, the leadership styles of Mrs. Clinton were also observed to focus on a set of masculine traits such as pursuance more decisive and confrontational leadership principles. It is worth mentioning that during her tenure as the US Senator, the leadership principles of Mrs. Clinton had been viewed to acknowledge a well-defined set of values that significantly helped her to perform assigned roles and functions efficiently. Moreover, Mrs. Clinton effectively dealt with the challenges that faced by her while performing varied functions as a Senator (Shambaugh, 2010). Thus, it can be affirmed that the above-discussed leadership skills and competencies do Mrs. Clinton fulfill as a successful leader or a manager.

Rquiem por un campesino espaol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rquiem por un campesino espaol - Essay ExampleWith his portrayal of the novels two main characters transmitters clearly shows us that while order does have a substantial role in influencing how we choose to live our lives, there are accredited human traits that are inherent from birth. While the novels characters are clearly symbolic of various social archetypes in Spain at the time, a novel of purely social critique could not reach the depths of human behaviour as this novel does, most specifically as the novels two main characters, Msen Milln and Paco el del Molino, do.Rquiem por un campesino espaol is in incite a reflection of experiences lived by Senders during childhood and young adulthood in Spain. On various opportunities the novelist claimed that he was greatly affected by a visit in childhood to a cave more like the one in the novel (Mgica, E, p. 2). Senders was as captivated by historical influences as human existence and he claimed that, Lo que hay que hacer . . . no es actuar como hombres de una clase social sino como ser humano elemental y genrico. (qtd in Ramn J. Sender novelista y crtico 1901-1982) Which leads us to conclude that, a Sender le interesaba un proceso de inversin metafsica a travs del cual subrayaba las fuerzas elementales que subyacen en las acciones humanas. (Ramn J. Sender novelista y crtico 1901-1982)It is important to note that this small masterpiece is not written in the heat of the moment hardly rather some fifteen years later. This would provide time enough for Senders to think on the fearsome moments he passed during the civil war, including the executions without trial of his wife and his brother. While Senders was in exile he claimed that he would not indemnification to Spain until all of his works were published, a promise he made good upon. When he did return to Spain he surp turnd the anxious Spanish populace and his admirers por su anticomunismo, su defense del american way of life, su autodefinicion como an arquista cristiano y su rechazo a pronunciarse sobre la situacion poltica espaol. (Betriu, F 2001) Social Structure in SpainSet in early twentieth century Spain Rquiem por un campesino espaol is a testimony of the process leading up to the advent of the Second Republic and subsequently the Spanish revolution. It is a time when the semi feudal practice of los bienes de seorio are still firmly entrenched and Paco el del Molino is fate to enter into a struggle for the land with a duke he has never seen and will never see.Vamos a sacar la hierba al duque (p. 18).This proclamation sums up the plot of Senders most acclaimed work. Here we see the struggle between two sectors of society, those who wished for change in Spain and those conservative elements of society who greatly feared change, most specifically with regard to agricultural reform. In Senders novel we see a Spain dominated by the old order and great inequalities. The go up to power of the Republicans would result in the sho rt-lived redistribution of lands and rebellion against practices that dated back to medieval times. It is a time when Paco optimistically claims, parece que a los duques les ha llegado su San Martin (p. 19). Yet, Pacos optimism soon finds its end when the landholding class, the church and the military unite alongside the rise in facism. Probably the scene that best represents the deep social divisions takes place during Pacos wedding. In the midst of celebration and under the

Diet and Exercise Essay Example for Free

Diet and Exercise Essay fleshiness has become an epidemic not only in America but standardizedwise completely eachplace the world, and many another(prenominal) quantifys people argon taking the easy way reveal with costly procedure over natural weight loss of provender and exercise. A person is considered obese when he or she has a body mass index of at least 30 or has developed a medical condition from being obese and in the coupled States obesity affects 149.3 billion people every year. Losing weight for anyone can be difficult and on that point argon so many different shipway to accomplish this worry diet, pills, diet plans, shots, surgery, and of course diet and exercise. In this essay I will equation and contrast the risks and benefits of liposuction versus diet and exercise.Liposuction has fast results and is being accepted as a weight lose method instead of a last result. Liposuction is a procedure that vacuums out the fat deposits from areas on the body like the stomach and bottom. I cant imagine using a vacuum to suck out the fat, when all that is needed some exercise and good nutrition. Liposuction can be very painful, and can let glob that could take up to 2 months to subside, depending on how much fat is removed. Who is to say once the swelling does go down if the weight will even stay off? Imagine spending 5,000 on surgery and then within 6 months all of that fat is back or even more than(prenominal) because all that was done is having fat removed.In 2009 American spent over 5 hundred million dollars on liposuction surgery. Most are women making up 90% of all liposuctions done in the United States. From 2008 to 2009 men having liposuction increased 18%. Liposuction is not an instant cure to obesity and can come with many complications. The FDA cites studies that indicate the risk of death is as low as 3 deaths per 100,000 operations, but the risk is mingled with 20 to 100 per 100,000 deaths.Deaths in liposuction operation s have a higher mortality rate than simple machine accidents. A persons expectation of results after surgery is not always met. When an excessive criterion of fat is removed the skin can look wavy and wrinkly. Skin loss is also a risk especially with smokers and people with diabetes because the skin can die and would have to be removed. Unlike with diet and exercise that none of these problems will exist.Diet and exercise when done as a life elbow room change can completely change how you look, feel, and keep you healthy. Exercise can help control weight, when you do a work out, or run you burn calories. The more intense the workout the more calories are burned. Not much time is needed daily, fair(a) a half an hour everyday to bunk your heart rate up, which will help deter heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.Diet is also an important part of making you feel better. Have you ever heard the saying you are what you eat. substitute your snacks with healthy fillings l ike carrots and celery and eating well rounded balanced meals anywhere from 3 to 5 will make a difference when it comes to how you feel and look. Diet and exercise can also upgrade your energy regular workouts can improve muscle strength and boost endurance. When you exercise and eat foods that are healthy you give oxygen and nutrients to tissue and your cardiovascular system works more efficiently and gives you more energy. Diet and exercise helps prevent health conditions and disease and boost good cholesterol.Liposuction is usually not cover by any insurance companies because it is considered a cosmetic procedure and liposuction procedures can cost around $3,000. The middling membership to a gym cost somewhere between $20 and $100 per month which is just under a 1,500 per year but this all depends on what type of gym and the services you use. This is 1/3 the cost of liposuction. You dont need an expensive surgery or even a membership to a gym to be health and have a healthy wei ght. Walking or running cost you nothing and grocery shopping is already something most Americans do which can be less in cost than you think. do the choice to change is the first step to living a healthy life.Anyone can do it and it doesnt have to cost you anymore than what you spend now, making this choice can be the difference between living happy and dying early in life. Making this choice is everyone own decision. Liposuction isnt the lovesome fix everyone thinks it is and there are complications to it and if you do have liposuction there is still a need to change your lifestyle. Removing the weight does not guarantee it will stay done for(p) and the need to change your lifestyle after this type of surgery is a must or all of the weight will just be gained back.A natural diet and exercise over time can give you the results you want but can also decrease your risks of major health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.Making this type of lifestyle change is what make lives better and using a quick fix like surgery can only make the problem worse the way I see it because in the end the life style change will be needed with or without surgery.

Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of planetaryization EssayFormer CEO of Vodafone Group, Mr. Arun Sarin, at the 2009 Global problem Forum debated that there is a profound change occurring in the piece today. The world is becoming more(prenominal)(prenominal) interconnected due not only to physical infrastructure but also the intellectual and softw be infrastructure that is being built moreover, the bureau in that duty is being done today. For him, the United States is belt up the most powerful country in the world however, if the country wants to have orbiculate excellence in the future, innovation is a most. Since its earliest appearance, about three decades ago, the term globalisation has been used to describe a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an age. The term signifies a social condition characterized by the existence of global frugal, governmental, cultural, and environmental interconnections and flows that make many of the currently existing borders and boundaries irre levant. Globalization suggests dynamism best explained by the caprice of change and the transformation of present conditions.In other(a)(a) words, globalization is an ongoing process rather than a static condition. According to Manfred Steger, author of the book Globalization A Very Short Introduction, globalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the similar clock fostering in people a growing aw arness of deepening connections between the local and the distant. In the other hand, globalization is a complex and contradictory phenomenon that encompasses progress and degradation, opportunity and compulsion, freedom and restrictions. These countless contradictions be points of political contestation. Advantages of Globalization* Countries approximately the world have made the choice of establishing trade relationships with each other in order to improve their economy. Past hostile experiences were left behind, and globalization has announced an era of outside(a) peace and security. In addition, there has been propagation of democratic ideas among countries. * Countries have resolved to test free trade with some regions. Eliminating taxes, duties, and export/import quotas has allowed consumers to buy goods and services at a lower cost. * Globalization is encourage the use of international connectivity such as the internet. Exchanging thoughts and ideas is helping interlink people around the world.* Several companies are investing in other markets providing better employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled labor all around the world. Globalization is helping in increasing the standard of living of the developing world and at the same time is helping to reduce beggary. * Competition among different countries is leading to international innovation and quality goods. Consumers are benefited in the process because they get qu ality products at a cheaper rate and from a large strain avail able-bodied in the market. * Mutual trade has brought an understanding of the importance of protecting the environment and natural resources. Global environmental problems are being discussed.Disadvantages of Globalization* Many people from develop nations are losing jobs since corporations are outsourcing induce to developing countries due to savings in cost of labor. There is a lot of pressure in the develop world people are always under the threat of their job being outsourced. Outsourcing has resulted in unemployment. * Any sort of economic disruption in one nation will have a domino-effect on other nations that are closely related to that country in terms of trade and commerce.* define of local cultures and traditions will slowly start to wear down. Western ideas will impose over other cultures. * Globalization may lead to more environmental problems. A company may want to stimulate factories in other countries because environmental laws are not as strict as they are at home. * Income distribution within countries is becoming less equal. The rich is getting richer and the poor is getting poorer. * Transnational consolidation and increased mobility has simultaneously strengthened and diminished the protection of individual rights and the dignity of individuals. Globalized markets have facilitated more supervise of social conditions but have also opened up more opportunities for economic exploitation.Example of the pros and cons of globalizationThe Philippines is one of the countries in Asia that has been affected by the contradictions of globalization. The country is taking give out in the process since it became part of the World Trade Organization in 1995. Globalization has allowed major changes in the nation like more labor, more Filipino foreign companies, high levels of education, and high per capita income. Philippines have four regions that globalization has targeted and these fou r are liberalization, mobility of capital, technology, and management of organization through private and public sectors. Nevertheless, the Philippine state has failed in organizing a socioeconomic environment that would have prepared the country for global competition. Many Filipinos believe that globalization has done slide fastener for their country.And this is due to the poverty that has been becoming worse each year. The Philippines is still corrupt and still faces economic and political problems, therefore, the nation and its people does not trust the process of globalization. About 60% of the population lives in poverty and poverty levels are still increasing. The institutional framework of a country, its political culture and the quality of its leadershiphip play an important role in fostering economic development and in promoting social welfare. For some, globalization can make the Philippines a better nation if the Philippine leaders get involve in allowing for more glo bal trading and more foreign investors to the help boost the economy. And by accomplishing those goals, the Philippines should be able to reduce poverty levels.The Future of GlobalizationGlobalization is transforming the structure of worldwide interaction and people are changing along with it. The positives aspects of globalization are becoming more significant than the negatives ones. In the long term, the world will be transformed into a more prosperous, democratic, and peaceful environment. This may means that cultural fighting and global chaos will occur in the short term but large economic growth and democratic governance will prevail in the long term. Globalization is making the way for free trade and international business. It is also improving communication around the world. The biggest advantage is that globalization has the voltage to make the world a better place to live in. Globalization cannot be stopped however, leaders should always be on the top of its spread and o utcomes.Work CitedSteger, M. B. (2004). Globalization, a very short introduction. bare-ass York Oxford University Press, USA. Retrieved from http//library.books24x7.com.dml.regis.edu/SearchResults.aspx?qdom=authorscol=allqstr=Manfred B. Steger Hill, C. (2010). International business. (8 ed., Vol. 5). New York City NY McGraw-Hill Irwin. Rupert, M., Solomon, S. (2006). Globalization international political economy. Rowman Littlefield Publishers INC.

Laws of England and Wales Essay Example for Free

integritys of England and Wales EssayThe defendant who seeks to avoid criminal liability on the introduction that s/he was hapless from a kind disorder at the beat of the alleged crime must incur a defensive measure that falls inwardly one of the following, legally recognised, categories In sanity, cut tariff or Automatism. While, at one level or a nonher, these rational disorder defensive measures sh ar common characteristics, they each(prenominal) differ significantly. Unfortunately, this point does non appear to be fully appreciated in English Law. hash out the validity of this statement. Inherent in our legal system is an idea of culpability. The word itself embodies notions of moral function and blame. on that point are two elements that will allow us to determine whether or not someone is to be considered culpable. The first is that the person on whom we wish to apportion blame is an actual agent of harm as opposed to a mere causer. That is to say that they are instrumental in an action and are not simply a victim of a spasm or similar associated condition. The second is that he/she has the force to perceive the practice of law of natures and moral order that exist at heart society. Harts principles of justice assert that a moral authorise to punish is needed by society and unless a man has the capacity and fair opportunity or chance to adjust his behaviour to the law, its penalties ought not be applied to him. such deep-rooted notions of culpability gift necessitated gainment in the area of demurrers to ensure that those who fall outside of the legally recognised parameters of accountability are afforded protection. Amongst such(prenominal) defences are Insanity, Automatism and vitiated state. This essay will identify the similarities and differences of these defences by exploring their theoretical foundations and determine whether, in practice, they are sufficiently understood by the courts to achieve their desired end.T he theoretical basis for an insanity defence is embedded in the notions of fair opportunity as discussed above. It is felt that the insane man is too farthest removed from normality to make us angry with him. The impetus of the law and its functions might well be considered outside of his comprehension and similarly, so too might the moral implications of his act. Therefore, it would not be either effectual or equitable to hold such a man criminallyresponsible . As duff remarks of the potential insane defendant if she cannot understand what is macrocosm done to her, or why it is creation done, or how it is related as a penalty to her past offence, her punishment becomes a travesty?. Therefore, if a defence of insanity is successful the defendant will be given a special verdict that is to say not guilty by reason of insanity. Although this special verdict whitethorn bring indefinite custody (a fact which is reconciled in theory by compelling considerations of public interest ) it still serves to ricochet a lack of culpability and at that placefore, blame.The basis on which the non-insane automatism defence is founded is somewhat more fundamental than that of insanity. It was developed to exculpate those who had been the victim of events rather than those who had fallen foul to setting . A plea of automatism is not barely a denial of fault, or of function. It is more a denial of authorship in the star that the living dead is in no way instrumental in any criminal act. Lord Dilhorne remarked in Alphacell that an unintended and unintended act without negligence? might be verbalize, not caused. Others do described such acts as acts of god. It is with this class of act that the defence of automatism is concerned acts which might be verbalise seen as inconsistent with the demand of an actus reus . This lack-of-instrumentality concept is reflected by the fact that on a finding of automatism a defendant will be granted an unqualified acquittal by the courts. Detention is unnecessary for as well being blameless, the zombie spirit presents no future threat to society.Whilst Insanity and Automatism serve as general defences in law, change magnitude responsibility operates only as a defence to murder. It offers those bordering on insanity the opportunity to argue that at the time of the killing they were suffering from such freakishity of learning ability so as to substantially impair their mental responsibility. If such an argument is successful (all other things being equal) the potential murderer will be convicted of manslaughter and therefrom will escape the requisite life sentence that a finding of murder brings. The defences existence is confirm ( very much like insanity) by notions of responsibility and blame. The doctrine, it was felt, was needed to reflect the view that where there was less responsibility there ought to be less punishment.Despite some clear differences in the three defences theoretical foundations a nd intentions, it could be said that technically they have become somewhat confused in law. Discussion will now let go to the two automatism defences before then going on to examine diminished responsibility in context.Whilst two automatism defences are grounded in the idea that where there is no responsibility there should be no blame, polity reasons have necessitated their independent development. Because of this, the person who seeks to raise automatism as a defence is subject to a precise tight definitional distinction. This tight definitional distinction amidst automatism and insanity is highlighted by Glanville Williams when he describes non-insane automatism as any abnormal state of consciousness.while not amounting to insanity. Such statements offer little definitional worth, as to understand automatism we must first understand insanity and this, as will become clear, is no easy task.The contemporary framework of the insanity defence can be found in MNaghtens Case where Lord Tindal authoritatively ruled that??to establish a defence on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the society accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from illness of the estimation, as not to accredit the nature and quality of the act he was doing or, if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong.Subsequent development of a non-insane automatism defence, for reasons discussed above, necessitated judicious refinement of these insanity parameters to insure that those who sought to invoke the actor were deserving . Therefore, considerable onus was placed upon the meaning of the rules, especially the phrase disease of the mind.First, it was decided that mind referred to the mental faculties of reason, memory and understanding and not simply the organic mass that is the brain. Then, in Sullivan, (the defendant was aerated with assault which, heclaimed, was the result of the post-ict al stage of an epileptic seizure) the definition expanded to catch transient and sporadic impairment of the mind. It was held that the permanence of a disease cannot on any rational ground be applicable to the application by the courts of the MNaghten rules. This finding ran hostile to contemporary medical definitions and began to impinge upon the design of the non-insane automatism defence that being to catch one-off, faultless incidents of automatism.Perhaps more significantly, Sullivan continued to develop Quick on what is now fancy to be the defining boundary between the two defences, that of internal and external causes. This distinction was cemented in burgher where Lord Lane explicitly referred to the difference between internal and external causes as the point on which the case depends, as others have depended in the past The defendant in Burgess was a somnambulist who assaulted a friend whilst in a somnambulistic state. It was held that somnambulism was a disease of th e mind under the MNaghten rules mostly because it was considered a pathological (and therefore, internal) condition by expert witnesses in cross-examination.While, to some, this internal/external distinction makes unspoilt sense, to others its effect is wholly out or keeping(p), as it fudges the boundaries between the theoretical rationales of insane and non-insane automatism. Irene Mackay, for example (as well as pointing to at odds(p) obiter ) attacks the distinction with reference to its effect. She contends that sleep can hardly be called an illness, disorder or abnormal condition. It is a perfectly normal condition. Of interest here, Graham Virgo points to anecdotal evidence that cheese might cause sleepwalking. If such evidence could be substantiated, the somnambulist could potentially escape a special verdict by rightfulness of the fact that eating cheese would be considered an external cause. Such a consideration is far from easily reconcilable with the aforementioned n otions of blame and responsibility as expounded by Harts principles of justice.Mackay continues to attack Burgess on a second defining point. She contends that the court failed to properly adopt the definition of disease of themind as pull forward by Lord Denning in Bratty namely that it is any mental disorder which has manifested itself in violence and is prone to recur. Considering statistical evidence showing that no one had ever appeared before a court twice charged with somnambulistic violence, Mackay remarks something which is prone to recur must be at least accustomed to recur or have a tendency to recur or be to some extent likely to recur. Despite such protestations, current medical opinion is that sleepwalking is caused by internal factors and may be likely to recur . Therefore it is suitable for MNaghten insanity as defined.The result of these calculated distinctions between the two defences is that epileptics, sleepwalkers, those suffering from arteriosclerosis and diabetics during a hyperglycaemic episode, may all now be regarded as insane. This is for certain an unacceptable position. After all, such people appear to fit far more comfortably within the (theoretical) realms of automatism than insanity. They are rational people, capable of recognising rule following situations, who are (largely) the victims of one off incidents of involuntariness. If we are to denounce a diabetic insane because they neglected to take their medication, are we to do the same with one who gets a migraine from omitting to take aspirin? The difference of cause is the resultant harm and the need for the courts to protect society.Incidentally, bordering scrutiny of the MNaghten rules leads us to close down that where a defendants inability to recognise he was doing something wrong was imputable to something other than a defect of reason caused by a disease of the mind he would generally have no defence at all.Things do not get any clearer when the defence of Dimi nished duty is brought into the frame. The statutory provision for the defence is found in Section 2(1) of the Homicide Act 1957 and provides that a person shall not be convicted of murderIf he was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially impaired his mentalresponsibility for his acts or omissions in doing or being a party to the killing.The problems begin with semantics and normative questions of degree what qualifies as abnormality of mind, how much is substantially and what is mental responsibility? Even debates on the questions have offered little assistance. For example, the Government, in an attempt to explain the key term, said that abnormality of mind referred to conditions bordering on insanity while excluding the mere outburst of rage or jealousy. Such an explanation is obviously of little worth considering that the response of judges and psychiatrists?to the section? have ranged from the very(prenominal) generous to the very strict. In fact the courts it seems, have entertained practically any ground where it was thought morally inappropriate to convict the defendant of murder. For example, psychopaths, reactive depressives , alcoholics and those in disassociated states or suffering from unresisting impulses have all been brought within the protective scope of the section.Lord Parker in Byrne, also attempting to clarify the sections ambit, said that it dealt with partial insanity or being on the border line of insanity. He went on to add that Inability to exercise will-power to assure physical acts? is? sufficient to entitle the accused to the benefit of this section difficulty in controlling his acts? may be. Confusions are evident here for, as Smith and Hogan note A man whose impulse is irresistible bears no moral responsibility for his act, for he has no choice a man whose impulse is much more di fficult to resist than that of an ordinary man bears a diminished degree of moral responsibility for his actIt would appear then, that the former should be acquitted as insane rather than have his punishment mitigated. However, if the inability to control his acts is not caused by a defect of reason or disease of the mind then the defendant has no defence in insanity. In this respect therefore, the defence of diminished responsibility appears to be patching up the deficiencies of MNaghten acting as a device for circumventing the embarrassments that flow from a mandatory sentence, or the stigma attached to a finding of insanity, by allowing judges to follow in a common sense way their sense offairness.Greiw, writing in 1988 comments on the section. He suggests that the section is not to be seen as a definitional aid rather it is to be seen as legitimising an expression of the decision-makers personal sense of the proper boundaries between murder and manslaughter. The result of the la x and open wording has allowed the defence of diminished responsibility to be used almost as a catch-all excuse, spanning, and adding to, the defences of insane and non-insane automatism. It has been able to accommodate states of mind and circumstance that would be insufficient for either automatism or insanity whilst at the same time justifying this accommodation by virtue of the increased severity of a murder charge.To some this position is considered entirely unacceptable and contrary to the theories of blame and responsibility discussed hereto. Sparks for example, comments to say that we are less willing to blame?a man if he does something wrong, surely does not mean we are willing to blame him less, if he does something wrong. It would seem however, that due to the inadequacies of MNaghten and the bridal that some states of mind falling short of insanity should be considered mitigatory, the courts had little choice but to develop the defence of diminished responsibility in thi s way.From the issues discussed in this essay it is clear that whilst, in theory, the three defences of Insanity, Automatism and Diminished Responsibility, do indeed exhibit differences, in practice they have become somewhat amalgamated. This is probably due to two factorsFirst, it must be accepted that there is no sharp dividing line between sanity and insanity, but that the two extremes? shade into one another by imperceptible gradations. This proposition leads us to conclude that first, the problem is one of definition. Second, the courts are aware that pleading a blackout is one of the first refuges of a guilty conscience and is a popular excuse. Therefore, they have tended to view the problem of involuntariness with great circumspection and have adopted a restrictive approach as to when there should be a complete prerogative from liability. In order to balance this definitional problem with the requirement ofcertainty, whilst ensuring that only the deserving are completely acq uitted, the law has had no alternative but to define distinct parameters. It is these parameters which have both caused the fudging of the two automatism defences and necessitated the creation of a diminished responsibility defence.Whilst, in some respects, this amalgamation is unacceptable, its effect has been to provide blanket coverage for those defendants suffering from either a mental disorder, disassociated condition or episode of sudden involuntariness. Far from saying that the law has failed to fully appreciate the differences it appears that the courts, due to restrictions, have simply created ad hoc a range of defences whose purpose is to reflect, on a continuum, impeachable notions of culpability.Bibliography.Books1. Ashworth, Principles of Criminal Law (2nd ed., Oxford, 1995)2. Clarkson. C.M.V. Keating. H.M. Criminal Law. Text and Materials. (4th ed., 1998, Sweet Maxwell)3. Hart. H.L.A., Punishment and Responsibility, (1968, Oxford)4. Smith , J.C. B. Hogan., Criminal L aw (6th Edition, 1988, London, Butterworths.)5. Williams. G., Textbook of Criminal Law (2nd ed., Stevens Sons. 1983)ArticlesDell, Diminished Responsibility Reconsidered. 1982 Crim.L.R. 809Duff. R.A., Trial and Punishments J.L.S.S. 1986, 31(11), 433Goldstein. A., The insanity Defense (1967)Griew. E., The future of Diminished Responsibility. Crim. L.R. 1988, Feb, 75-87Laurie. G.T., Automatism and Insanity in the Laws of England and Scotland. Jur. Rev. 1995, 3, 253-265Mackay. I., The Sleepwalker is Not Insane. M.L.R. 1992, 55(5), 714-720Padfield. N.,Exploring a quagmire insanity and automatism. C.L.J. 1989, 48(3), 354-357Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, Cmnd. 8932 (1949-1953)Smith. J.C., Case and Comment. R. v. Hennessy. (1989) 86(9) L.S.G. 41 (1989) 133 S.J. 263 (CA)Smith. K.J.M. Wilson. W., Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility Reworking Harts Theory of Excuses ? The English Judicial Response. O.J.L.S. 1993, 13(1), 69-98Sparks. Diminished Responsibility in theor y and Practice (1964) 27 M.L.R 9Virgo. G., Sanitising Insanity ? Sleepwalking and Statutory recover C.L.J. 1991, 50(3), 386-388Cases1. Alphacell 1972 2 All ER 4752. Burgess 1991 2 W.L.R. 106 C.O.A. (Criminal Division)3. Byrne 1960 3 All ER 14. barrel maker v. McKenna 1960 Q.L.R 4065. Hennessy (1989) 89 Cr.App.R 10, CA6. Kemp 1956 3 All ER 249 1957 1 Q.B.3997. MNaghtens Case (1843) 10 C F, 200, 8 Eng. Rep. 718.8. Quick and Paddison 1973 Q.B. 9109. Seers 1985 Crim.L.R, 31510. Sullivan 1984 A.C. 156 (House of Lords)11. Tandy 1988 Crim.L.R 30812. Tolson (1889)Legislation1. Homicide Act. 1957.2. Trial of Lunatics Act 1883

Racism in Roll of Thunder Essay Example for Free

Racism in Roll of Thunder EssayMildred Taylors remarkable novel, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, annotates, portrays, and demonstrates the superb image of the ugly race prejudice, effectively, that the African Americans experienced in the 1930s, during the American Depression. In Taylors enthralling novel, racism comes across as a major and influential theme as the novel progresses and revolves around a young girl, Cassie Logan, who matures with racial conflict around her. Racism is app argonnt from the commence of the novel.It is depicted from the beginning that African Americans are treated terribly, and they must work extremely hard, to earn the m one and only(a)y they need to grant their family, with shelter, and food. Papa must work away from home to earn himself a good salary to advance the Logans own land, rather than working as sharecroppers on someone elses land. The second example of the callous sequestration is evident, as it is seen that the elite unobjectionabl e community have transport to school, while the harshly treated African Americans are deprived of this service, and are forced to walk to school.Also, the lily-whites are inconsiderate, intentionally splashing mud on the blacks clothes. The Berrys burnings is a significant incident revealing the cruel manner the white community behave towards the African Americans, burning them taking a match to them, with let give away any justifiable reason, portraying the discrimination betwixt the people. At school, an important instance of racism takes place, when the students of the black school, The Great Faith Elementary School, received new books. These books were in the poorest condition, as they were the left-overs of the whites.The inside cover of the books were highly provocative, both insulting and offensive to the African Americans, using lewd comments to describe their race much(prenominal) as nigra. The law also seems to be in favour of the white community, showing the extensi ve segregation between the whites and blacks. It is evident when Mr. Morrison explains why he lost his job Mr. Morrison was unholy in a fight with the whites, although it wasnt his fault. There are rarely any whites who are friendly with the whites, and those who are, are despised.This is the case with Jeremy, who walks to school everyday with the blacks. He is often bullied, mocked, and teased at school, and is beaten at home. The aversion of the underprivileged blacks by the whites is remarkably large, throughout the novel. As the novel progresses it is seen that Papa tries to explain to Stacey to hang out less with Jeremy, We Logans dont have much to do with the white folks. You know why? Papa says, believing that whites and blacks ordain never really be friends, Cause white folks mean trouble, with this it also demonstrates hatred between the two races.The intensity of racial discrimination is massive when TJ talks about the night men. The whites tarred and feathered him, qualification the African Americans feel inferior treating them of no value and worthless. Cassie, herself, is a victim of one of the racism incidents. On her visit to Strawberry, she is forced to apologize repeatedly to Lillian Jean, a white, humiliating herself greatly. Even her family, who are strong-willed, cannot prevent such things from happening trying to stay away from con sequences. Cassie is mentally hurt after this situation.Racist comments are at is summit as the story progresses. Kaleb Wallace, to Mr. Morrison, sputtered, You big black nigger, I oughta cut your heart out for what you done My brothers laid up like they is and you salvage runnin around free as a white man. Downright sinful, thats what it is Why? I oughta gun you down right where you sit. This quote shows the filthy comments the whites use towards the blacks. As the story nears its conclusion, TJ gets influenced by the white community, and gets into stealing. TJ goes to a Barnetts store with his white friends, to get himself the pearl handed pistol.At the shop, the whites wearing a mask kill Mr. Barnett, a white man. TJ Avery is immediately entirely blamed for the sequence of events. This shows, again, the law in much favour of the whites as the police dont even look into the issue they dont wangle who is guilty, but immediately find a black man to blame. If the roles had been reversed, circumstances and the events that took place would have been altogether different. The whites simply want to punish some blacks, and they can do so easily, as no one dares to stop them.Throughout the story, there are several racist remarks passed to the African Americans emphasizing the conditions they faced. Life for the African Americans in the 1930s was completely unjust. Judgment based solely on physical appearance exists, to date, and is still a controversial issue.

Organized Cybercrimes Essay Example for Free

Organized Cybercrimes EssayVerizon business researched and reported in 2009 a case study involving information breaches in secured network. Within their findings, they summarize the threats, which industry, and which records atomic number 18 the most popular. The report fist showed that a percentage of the hacking from immaterial sources came from the European Union, and the most popular info being stolen was financial and retail goods. Surprisingly there were a large amount of threats in house that took advantage of software issues and exploited them. more(prenominal) than likely sold the info to foreign source to further continue hacking and establishing a backdoor it the database. Of the all the outside attacks according from the European Union, most of them were organized crime familys that originated out of the Soviet bloc nations.It is by far cheaper the hack and sells credit card numbers abroad that sit on a turning point and peddle illegal goods. Another cash crop for cybercrime and hacking is the diversion of goods, especially from ports of entry. Using financial records and accounts to nark as a company that is entitled to receive goods is one the tactics used. Once those item are in there possession, they disappear. A percentage of these hackers can by way of software be entirely transparent, and for intent purposes be invisible until the crime has committed. This poses a very job to law enforcement to track experience and convict these criminals, not to mention some these countries dont even have extradition rights to the USA. It would take a co-op effort of the Euro nations and US and Asia to make the act of hacking and breaching networks a more serious crime.

Massage Questionare Essay Example for Free

Massage Questionare Essay1. Why is it big that the therapist should know the direction of flow in each individual meridian? Yang energy flows down and is found mainly to the back of the body, and Yin energy flows up-wards and is found mainly in the front of the body. Because of this it is paramount for a therapist to know the direction of flow in each individual meridian, in order to broadcast effective treatment.2. How would the therapist apply Shiatsu treatment to a patient who is hyperactive and unable to liberate? If the client is hyperactive and unable to relax and appears to possess an excess of energy that will not kick the bucket the normal way, then thumb pressures along each meridian must endure over the tsubos from the one and only(a) with the highest number to the one with the lowest number. 3. Give the Japanese name and number of three tsubos which can be pressed to help relieve a patient suffering from menstrual inconvenience oneself? RIN KYU (12) menstrual pain press in towards the tarsus for 9 seconds 3 times. YU SEN (1) menstrual pain- press hard inwards with both thumbs for 12 seconds 3 times. KAN GEN (2) menstrual pain press with plow of the hand, increasing pressure gradually for 15 seconds 3 times.4. Give the Japanese name and number of the tsubo which is concerned with both sciatica and calf spasms. For sciatica SHO FU, SHYO ZAN. For both Calf spasms, sciatica ICHU (22) extract inwards for 9 seconds, three times.5. Give the name and number of the tsubo you would press to treat an arthritic knee. RYO KYO (7) excite hard inwards for 9 seconds, three times.6. Give the number of the tsubo on the Bladder extremum, which is concerned with love pain. HAKU KO (24) Press hard inwards towards the anterior aspect of the spine for 6 seconds, three times.7. On which meridian is there a tsubo that is concerned with heart palpitations? Heart Meridian SHYO-KAI Press hard inwards for 6 seconds 3times.8. Which tsubo lies between t he 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae? This comes under Governing Vessel Meridian and would be MEI MON.9. Give the name and number of the tsubo which lies over the middle metacarpal in the palm of the hand. What condition can it be used to correct? RO KYU (2) the condition that can be corrected is EXHAUSTION.You tender to treat a client suffering from Bells Palsy. Give the name, number and location of the tsubo, and puff how you would apply treatment. RETSU KETSU (3) Press hard inwards for 9 seconds, three times Facial muscles attach to the climb allowing us to make many expressions. When these muscles are paralyzed, they begin to atrophy. Massage can be used to make water circulation in the face and maintain the health of the muscles. Massage can also help encourage the muscles to move and ease the pique associated with Bells palsy.By massaging the side of the face (above the eye down to the chin, behind the ear) and specifically the seventh cranial nerve (located just below the ch eek bone) will soothe and alleviate pain and discomfort and thereby allow the paralysis to decrease.Recommended Time 15 to 20 legal proceeding of massaging, followed by 15 minutes of good intention Reiki, both morning and nightREF Japan Shiatsu Inc

Love in the English Medieval Period Essay Example for Free

Love in the English Medieval Period Es expressINTRODUCTIONThe squeeze of cultivated Love beneficial during the place Ages was combined with the Code of heroism. in that location were strict rules of motor innly draw it away and the members of the coquettes practiced the art of civil cognize across Europe during the Middle Ages. The romance, rules and art of formal erotic fuck yielded bucks and ladies to bewilder their admiration disregarding of their marital state. It was a common occurrence for a married wench to expire a token to a ennoble of her choice to be worn during a mediaeval tourna workforcet. There were rules, which governed cultured savor, plainly some sentences the bring outies, who started their kinship with such ele workforcets of imposing warmth, would become deeply involved. Examples of kins, which were stirred by rom emmetic polished love, chivalry and romance, be described in Sir Gawain and the green k iniquity and Chaucers married cleaning woman of bathe. M some(prenominal) illicit court romances were fuelled by the practice and art of courtly love. The most fertile field of the romance genre was the inventionhurian romance.Closely related to the romance tradition were ii sampleized shopworns of appearance chivalry and courtly love. me real a nonher(prenominal) modern people nominate out of chivalry as referring to a mans medieval treatment ofwomen, and although that sense is derived from the medieval doughty rarefied, chivalry includes much than that. Many modern people think of chivalry as referring to a mans gallant treatment of women, and although that sense is derived from the medieval chivalric ideal, chivalry includes much than that. Broadly speaking, chivalry, derived from the old french term for a soldier mounted on horseback, was a knights cipher of manners.There was no single set of chivalric rules, plainly the existence of popular medieval chivalric handbooks testifies that chivalry was a well- cognise concept. sawhorses formed a distinct segment of medieval society, which was oft thought of as organism composed of cardinal classes those who pray (the clergy), those who fight (the nobility), and those who work (the peasants). Most knights belonged to the nobility, if only because a knights equipment horses, weapons, armor, required considerable resources to fund. Violence, often bloody and horrific violence, was at the heart of what knights did. As highly practised and well-armed fighting men, knights could be a force either for creating social chaos or for maintaining public order. social unit 1- Background research on courtly love and chivalry1.1 conventional love developed in the twelfth century among the troubadours of southern France, notwithstanding soon spread into the neighboring countries and eventually colored the literary works of most of Western Europe for centuries. It line of productsated in the writings of the poet Ovid Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love). Andr the Chaplain (or Andreas Cappellanus), took as his model, Ovids Ars Amatoria (the Art of Loving). Ovids work concerns how to seduce a woman, and among its rules be appropriate forms of dress, approach, conversation, and toying with a ladys affections, all designed to amuse. In the Ars Amatoria, the man is in statement, and the woman is hardly his prey. barely Andr turned the Ars Amatoria upside-d protest. In his Liber de arte honeste amandi et reprobatione inhonesti amoris (Book of the Art of Loving Nobly and the Reprobation of Dishonourable Love), the woman becomes the cocotte of the game. It is she who sets the rules and overwhelmes image on the hopeful suitor. In Ovids work the lover sighs with passion for his pursuit, provided in le Chapelains Liber the passion is pure and entirely for the love of a lady. The rules outlined in Andrs work are in some ways farfrom the reality of the times. In the medieval public, women rarely had any powe r to speak of. The nobility were warriors, and the liberal arts of war, leadership and politics occupied their minds.More often than not, a noblemen thought of his wife, (or future wife) as a breeder, a servant, and a source of knowledgeable gratification (his, not hers). Fidelity on her start up was absolutely prerequisite to ensure the validity of the bloodline. Fidelity on his part wasnt an issue. Under any another(prenominal) circumstances, le Chapelains Liber great power have remained an interesting literary exercise (as Ovids Ars Amatoria was intended to be) or it might have been ignored or laughed out of knockout literary circles. But with the historical background at precisely the right stage of development, in the court of Eleanor and under the guidance of Marie, Andrs Art of Loving Nobly was literature to be lived.Two women who had a peculiar(a) influence on the development of romance were Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen first of France and then of England, and her dau ghter Marie, Countess of champagne (in Eastern France). Eleanor brought to the English court her interest in poe hear, music and the arts, all of which were cultivated at the court of Aquitaine where she grew up (her grandfather William was the first kn testify troubadour poet). In the vernacular narratives that were written for and dedicated to Eleanor-early romances-we catch an emphasis on the sort of love relationship that is depicted in troubadour poetry, commonly kn profess as courtly love (finamors in Provenal, the language of troubadour poetry). The courtly love relationship is modeled on the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege lord.The knight serves his courtly lady (love service) with the equal obedience and loyalty, which he owes to his liege lord. She is in complete control of the love relationship, darn he owes her obedience and submission (a literary convention that did not correspond to actual practice) The knights love for the lady inspires him to do great whole works, in order to be worthy of her love or to win her favor. Thus courtly love was originally construed as an ennobling force whether or not it was consummated, and even whether or not the lady knew most the knights love or loved him in return.The courtly love relationship typically was not between maintain and wife, not because the poets and the audience were inherently felonious, merely becauseit was an idealise sort of relationship that could not exist within the context of real life history medieval marriages. In the middle ages, marriages amongst the nobility were typically based on practical and dynastic concerns good-hearteda than on love. The idea that a marriage could be based on love was a musical theme notion. But the audience for romance was perfectly aware that these romances were fictions, not models for actual style. The adulterous aspect that bothers many 20th-century readers was somewhat beside the point, which was to explore the potential in fluence of love on human behavior.Social historians such as Eric Khler and Georges Duby have hypothesized that courtly love may have served a reusable social calculate providing a model of behavior for a class of unmarried preteen men that might other than have threatened social stability. horse cavalrys were typically offspringer brothers without land of their make (hence unable to support a wife) who became members of the household of the feudal lords whom they served. One reason why the lady in the courtly love relationship is typically older, married and of higher social status than the knight may be because she was modeled on the wife of the feudal lord, who might naturally become the focus of the young, unmarried knights desire. Khler and Duby posit that the literary model of the courtly love relationship may have been invented in part to provide these young men with a model for appropriate behavior, teaching them to sublimate their desires and to channel their energy in to socially useful behavior (love service rather than wandering around the countryside, stealing or raping women like the knight in the wife of Baths tale).Ovid described the symptoms of love as if it were a sickness. The lovesick knight became a conventional figure in medieval romance. Typical symptoms sighing, turning pale, turning red, fever, inability to sleep, eat or drink. Romances often contained long interior monologues in which the lovers describe their savours. For the troubadours of 12th C France who introduced it into literature, Courtly love had two basic, essential geniusistics Love is irresistible and it is an ennobling force. No one is exempt from the service of the God of love who rules this world and extramarital sexual love, sinful to Christians, is the repair source of worldly worth and excellence. All the other characteristics of love that appear in the Canterbury boloneys, for example, are simply trappingsdecorations. These belong to the general body of l ove literature. Yet these trappings, so ludicrous when exaggerated, have caused courtly love to be confused with romantic love and have brought it into disrepute.Since love is irresistible, nothing done under its compulsion contribute be immoral since military personnel are worthless unless they acts under this compulsion, the necessity of practicing love in incumbent on each person. Courtly love not only approves and encourages whatever fans and provokes sensual desire, it not only condones fornication, adultery, and sacrilege, but it represents them as necessary sources of what it calls virtue. Love is a union of heart and mind as well as body. Sensuality for its knowledge sake, the enjoyment of fleshly delights of and for themselves, is contrary to courtly love. The wanton and the promiscuous practice such love. Hence, in the courtly love code fidelity is its greatest virtue and infidelity its greatest vice. Yet the Roman perform formally condemned both principles of courtly love. Archbishop Stephen Tempier at Paris condemned the irresistibility of love and love as the sole source of human worth on March 7, 1277.1.2 What is Chivalry? Chivalry is a system of check over and social interaction that is derived from the warrior class of medieval times, especially and primarily the class of trained warriors who participated in the Crusades (12th-14th centuries). Chivalry has a discipline because those ancient soldiers trained themselves daily with learning and practicing the arts of attack and self-defense. These arts gave rise to the idea of control of the body, mind, and speech in the horse. Further, the idea of social interaction developed because the Knight originally followed on the alertly the orders of his superiors who were interested only in battle with those who were eligible to fight, that is, civilians were not to be engaged in battle. From this idea of engaging only other Knights developed the idea of treating enemies and friends fairly and e qually. Men who excelled in battle were honored with Knighthood, an honor first granted by Knights only.Then, later, as the honor of being a Knight grew, both Monarchy and the Church (Eastern Orthodox as well as Roman Catholic) began to participate in the selection and creation of Knights. While the ideals of Knighthood were often violated by the Knight warriors themselves, yet theideals survived as Knighthood came to be thought of as an honor to be bestowed upon those who had proven themselves worthy. When the practice of the volunteer army and the need for Knights as warriors faded away, the concept of the honorable and self-disciplined Knight remained, and the rank and status of Knight began to take on aspects of minor Nobility that one could achieve (rather than having to be born into).As an honor and status that men sought, Knighthood became a valuable gift and boon for priapic monarchs and Church to grant, either individually as a Knight Bachelor or as membership in an Order of Chivalry. Chivalry sets a standard of conduct that transcends era or culture. It maintains a code of conduct that traditionally upholds a practical guide to spirit in a changing world, and it provides discipline within an undisciplined environment. Chivalry embraces a spiritual passage of personal development that combines prowess and gentleness with a fierce compassion for the welfare of others. The knights interest and inclination in life is to protect those who cannot defend, be it physical, spiritual, or economical and to fulfill a desire for personal excellence.UNIT 2 The chivalrous ideal and courtly love in Sir gawain and the Green Knight and The Wife of Bath 2.1 A knights behavior toward women, at least in the romance tradition, was governed by another standard known as courtly love. Medieval writers did not needfully use that term, but it is a favorable modern label for an idea that appears frequently in medieval literature. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the poets term for it is courtesy. Scholars have debated whether courtly love was a social reality or purely a literary fiction, but in either case, it was a pervasive and influential notion. The ties between the romance genre and the courtly love tradition were well established even at this time, for when Cappellanus offered his rules of love, he brackets them with a story involving a knight on the way to the court of King Arthur. The courtly lover was a man (often a knight) who habituated himself to the service of his beloved lady, making himself her servant if he was a knight all of his brave deeds were dedicated to his lady.Marriage to others was not a barrier to such love affairs, which were to be kept secret, with surreptitious construeings and messages between the lovers relayed by go-betweens.The lovers usually ex variegated gifts or favors, normally a personal item such as a ring, glove, or deaden, all of which appear in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. True lovers became f aint or sick with the strength of their love sleeplessness, deprivation of appetite, and jealousy were all symptoms of true love. A lover was judge to have fine manners and display perfect gentility. As with chivalry, the tension between courtly love and Christian morality was unavoidable. Much of the courtly love tradition assumed that the lovers would consummate their relationship sexually, regardless of whether they were married.A more Christianized version of courtly love placed the lover in courteous but decidedly chaste service to his beloved. Like chivalry, courtly love may have been more of an ideal than an actual practice, but that did not lessen its cultural importance. At first glance, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight come out to be a relatively simple story just about the quest of a knight in Arthurian Camelot. Upon further examination, however, it becomes clear that interwoven within the simple plotline is an intricate relationship between men and women with an empha sis on the values of the time.Throughout this work, we are privy to a variety of literal and metaphoric dichotomies including those between men and women, court values and church values, girdle and pentacle, the Green Knight and Sir Gawain, Guinevere and Morgan de Fay, and the Virgin bloody shame and gentlewoman Bertilak. During the medieval period, the court and the church were of utmost importance codes of chivalry in the court were unassailable factors in dictating the etiquette and specific behaviors of people as demonstrated through its literature.What have the appearance _or_ semblances to have happened in medieval literature is this the pre-courtly love literature presented a fairly accurate portrait of womens design in society. Then, with the advent of courtly love some authors felt the need to conform the character of women in literature to that which was assigned to them by the philosophy of courtly love. (Malcor). In a sense, the medieval work in question does not enamorm to draw exclusively from either the pre-courtly or courtly genres in its discussion of the role of women, rather we see a multitude of different women portrayed in clearly contrasting manners. Most notably, madam Bertalik becomes a major figure of this work, as well as a symbol of knightly virtues, or lack thereof. In the third part of Sir Gawainand the Green Knight, the story turns to Sir Gawain and Lady Bertalik on three successive days, Lady Bertalik meets Sir Gawain in his bedchambers and attempts to seduce him.During the first two days, though tempting, Gawain manages to remain a model of both courtly and religious restraint and behavior mean era, Lady Bertalik extends herself as the aforementioned fairly accurate portrait of womens role in society. While some women of the time succeeded in being entirely pure, it was not uncommon for damsels to try and seduce men as they traveled about the lands. The third morning, however, Gawain succumbs to his own fear of death a nd accepts the lesser of two gifts offered by Lady Bertalik on promises that the magical girdle pass on protect him from all harm. The girdle was molded of green silk, and gold, only braided by the fingers, and that she offered to the knight, and besought him though it were of little worth that he would take it, firearm in reality, Lady Bertalik is knowingly tricking the unsuspecting knight (Weston, Part III).In addition, Lady Bertaliks gift is a strong symbol of womanhood and parallels both facets of pre-courtly and courtly literature. Like Lady Bertalik, the girdle is similar to the video of pre-courtly realism in which women maintained their outward appearance, but to a fault had inner, wild sexual desires that were often unleashed as it is meant to be tied, but then removed to allow for free movement and expression. In slight contrast, the girdle may too illustrate the more courtly and idealistic viewpoint due to its restrictive qualities, which in theory, forces the girdl e-clad to appear as a woman. The idea of the girdle enforcing a female faade is lost, however, when Gawain, himself, dons the green term thereby, excusing the idea that the girdle has any semblance of courtly qualities.For purposes of this argument that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight entertains two make out depictions of society through literature, the realistic and the philosophic it is Guinevere who plays Lady Bertilaks opposite. Though she appears only briefly in this text, her role in courtly society is quite obvious. Seen at the opening feast given by her husband, King Arthur, Guinevere sits regally, but quietly beside her husband. While she expresses some momentary discontent when Arthur first offers himself up to the Green Knight it is almost entirely based upon her role as awoman and the wife of the king.In this particular piece of Arthurian literature, Guinevere is defined by specific binaries she is only what the king is not and she behaves the way that Lady Bertal ik does not. Given this role, Guinevere exemplifies the pre-courtly disposition of behavior and remains the passive and silent, but perfect queen. As demonstrated through the actions and general social conduct of Lady Bertalik and Guinevere, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight displays a variety of women in some(prenominal) blatantly contrasting roles. While this, does substantiate the suggestion that the behavior of women has been projected differently throughout medieval literature.Like most medieval literature, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight participate in several important literary traditions that its original audience would have instantly recognized. Medieval poets were expected to re-use established source materials in their own works. Modern readers sometimes mistakenly take this as evidence of how lacking in creativity and originality the Middle Ages were. In reality, much of the interest of medieval literature comes from recognizing how one work of literature pulls once more st those that came before it, makes problematic changes from its sources, and invests old material with new meanings. One can read Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as simply a rollicking tale of adventure and magic or, alternatively, as a lesson in moral growth. However, consciousness some of the literary and cultural background that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight draws upon can provide modern readers with a fuller view of the poems meaning.2.2 The Prologue and rehearsal of the Wife of Bath are among the most popular parts of The Canterbury Tales, and also cause a lot of trouble for critics. There are many non-homogeneous opinions about the character of Alison, ranging from utter individuality of the character to her being only a refined archetype of the old go-between. Many consider the disparity of her Prologue and Tale so problematic that there is need to explain the duality of her personality, and again many others focus on the common features of the Prologue and Tale. Proba bly the only thing about Wife of Baths Tale on which the critics agree is that its narrative voice and choice of topic is distinctly feminine, theworld of her tale is inhabited by women with occasional obedient men. Alison is a feminist of her own making. Although many say that in the end she still submits to the rule of the hoary world, they do not take into account the time of her creation.When Alison beats for respect in her own household, there is absolutely no awareness of feminine desire for equality, and it will still need several centuries before the Precieuses movement starts in France, influencing the whole Europe. Alison lives in a patriarchal world with strict views of women, and her domestic revolution seems outrageous in her times. Yet, in her Prologue, she argues that there is need for a distinctly feminine voice and tradition. Judging by Alisons Prologue, it seems extremely difficult for a woman to accept her position in the male tradition. In her Prologue, she the refore uses the traditional patriarchal ideas and expression, and yet she deform them to suit her purpose. When she argues for marriage as an equally important alternative to virginity, she quotes St. Paul, the major male authority that prefers virginity. But it is obvious that the educated account of texts she establishs the reader is only knowledge acquired from her husbands, as the reader is later to realize.She is unequal to(p) of reading the texts for herself otherwise she would not use Jeromes interpretation of the encounter of Jesus and the Samaritan woman beside a well. She would use the source text to impeach Jeromes interpretation. But the Wife of Bath lacks the knowledge that it was not Jesus but the Samaritan woman herself who said she had no husband. Although the mind of the Wife is captured in medieval paradigms about women, she would gladly argue with Jerome just like she argued with her clerk husband, had she the knowledge of the original biblical text. The Wife a lso draws a decisive line between the biblical texts, which in no way express any obligation concerning the number of marriages, and the Church tradition created by men with no experience of marriage.What St. Paul says is not a rule, it is only advice Advice is no commandment in my view./ He left it in our judgment what to do (CT, 278). After her biblical lecture where the Wife uses many examples from the Old Testament to show there are no strict rules established about marriage, she moves on to what she promises at the beginning of her Prologue, to experience If there were no authority on earth Except experience mine, for what its worth, And thats adequacy for me, all goes to show That marriage is a misery and a woe (CT,276) Yet, as she has also shown, womens reputation for impatient confessing paradoxically opened up opportunities of empowerment, as a number of female sham mystics, working with their attend- ant priests, created a lucrative theatre of spirituality in which the w oman was the center of precaution. The Wife of Baths Tale itself is another genre-experiment, which enacts the Wifes speculation By God If women had written stories, As clerkes han withinne occupy oratories, They wolde han written of men moore wikkednesse Than al the mark of Adam may redresse. (III (D), 6936)The Tale is the retelling of a fairy mistress tale in which a knight finds that he can save his life only if he can find the answer to the question of what women want most. He goes on a quest in search of the answer and meets a loathsome old beldame who tells him that women most want to have control over men. The knight escapes death at the hands of his enemies, but in return must conjoin the old hag. In bed on their marriage night, she persuades him to face her, whereupon he finds that she has transformed into a beauteous young girl. She asks him whether he would prefer to have her beautiful by day or by night, but tired by now of trick questions, the knight leaves the dec ision in her hands. Because he has capitulated to her, she promises to stay young and beautiful always, and they live happily ever after.What a synopsis effaces is the way in which this story can be adapted to prompt various responses. In the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the narrative framework is deployed to allow Gawain, as hero, to demonstrate extreme chivalric behavior and win audience approval. Chaucers adaptation is more radical. The hero is a rapist, oblige into the bargain set by the ladies of the court to save his life. There is no indication that he is remorseful, nor that the quest is penitential. He comes upon the hag because he spies on some young girls terpsichore in a wood, and much less emphasis is put on the grotesque appearance of the hag than in other romance versions. The radical change, however, is that he walks into the bargain with the hag without knowing his part in advance. She accompanies him back to the court where the bargain is uttered in public. The quest is, therefore, manipulated so that instead of being chastely enhanced, the hero is humiliated. He has no chance to demonstrate Florents stoicism as all his opportunities for displaying bravery and chivalry are pre-empted by powerful and cynicalwomen.The values of chivalry are transposed ironically into a lecture given by the transformed hag to her husband on their wedding night in bed. The relationship between Prologue and Tale is not so much the simple matter of the Tale being adapted as the wish-fulfillment of the invented narrator rather the two sit in parallel, drawing attention through their internal juxtapositions of authorities and lived experiences, to the gap between official society and its mores, as enshrined in textual traditions, and the operation of other behaviors and performances. Her struggle is not one for domination in the relationship, as both her Prologue and Tale show. It is a struggle for love. She wants to be treated like a beloved lady in the courtly tradition, and repay her loving husband with respect and obedience.The essentially better view is that as a kind of special representative of Chaucer in the matter, she believes in harmony between partners, however it is arrived at (S nip, 85). Of course, it is difficult to pass judgment on Chaucers personal views, as Chaucer was very careful about revealing his opinions, but the choice of the topic, and the portrayal of the shrewish wife as an understandable and rather likeable character might be a certain sign of Chaucers own attitude. For all the problems in her first tetrad marriages, Alison does not lose hope yet. In her climactic marriage with Jankin, the only one that ends up as a success, she is looking for love. She already has enough money and a good social standing, she could be very satisfied as a widow, a woman no longer submited to any mans whim, and yet she decides to marry again.Alison needs her own money and the independence it gives. The General Prol ogue suggests that she also needs her own work and the status that goes with success. But she wants love as well and, in her relationship with Jankin, is romantic enough to believe that it will make money irrelevant .When Alison finds out she lost not only her money, which by the right of marriage now belongs to her husband, but also her integrity as her young husband tries to change her into an obedient wife with no life of her own, she starts to fight him. But before the physical struggle is described, Chaucer gives us a mental picture of Alisons state, a picture of a tormented woman who lacks the language to defend herself, while her husband has all the available verbal weapons.CONCLUSIONThe poet positions Gawain at the center of the dissonant tensions between chivalry, courtly love, and Christianity. Gawain is famed as the most courteous of knights. In one sense, this creates the expectation that his behavior will be irreproachable in another, it assumes that he will be the mo st delightful of lovers for the lady who can snare him. The Lady of Haut desert exploits this tension to the fullest as she attempts to seduce Gawain. But the poet has also do clear that the beloved lady whom Gawain serves first is the Virgin Mary. As a thoroughly Christianized knight, he is forced to walk a fine line in defending himself. He cannot offend a lady, but neither can he give his hostess what she wants, because in doing so, he would be committing a sexual sin, as well as breaking chivalric loyalty and honor by betraying his host.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight cannot, therefore, be called a straightforward romance. It makes use of most of the conventions and ideals of the Arthurian romance, yet also points out its contradictions and failings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is not an anti-romance, however, nor is it a parody, despite its lightness and good humor. When Chaucer laughs at Sir Thopas, he is mocking a tired genre, but when the Gawain-poet laughs, it is the g enerous laughter of friendship. The poets conservative and traditional approach to his timeworn material is what allows him to make it so engaging He understands and thoroughly appreciates the conventions of his genre. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight manages to highlight the weakest points of the chivalric tradition while still appreciating everything that makes chivalry so attractive, especially its uncompromising devotion to the highest ideals, even if those ideals are not necessarily attainable (accomplished).Andreas got the Christian world to accept his concept of love by the device of the double truth. Although Christian teaching and his De Amore are basically irreconcilable, they may exist side by side each in its own sphere. His main purpose was to provide a pseudo-psychological and logical basis for the ideas and ideals of the troubadours. Reasoning and building on the nature of love and of humanity, he showed that love is the greatest good in this world, that it constitutes earthly happiness, and that it is the place of origin of all earthly good. Andreas proposed logically that if humans are viewed solely as rational and natural creatures, subjectonly to the laws of nature and reason, then they must enroll in the army of the god of love and want the pleasures of the flesh so that they may be ennobled and grow in virtue and in worth. Aware of the immoral and heretical implications of his work, Andreas wrote On the Rejection of Love where he condemned Courtly love and implicitly retracted all he had written.A strong possibility exists that Chaucer knew of the so-called double truth. He would have been aware of the dangers involved in writing romances of Courtly Love, the risk of an accusation of upholding immorality and heresy. He possibly set out to meet these dangers 1. He is not interested in giving Courtly love a logical and philosophical grounding he simply uses it as a vehicle for his love stories. 2. Andreas suggests he writes from experience. Chaucer states again and again that he is not writing on love from personal knowledge from experience or from his own feelings on the subject. Chaucers status is always as a non-participant in lovea rank outsider. His relationship to love and lovers is to be their clerk, their servant and instrument to gladden them and advance them in their individual cause. He doesnt participate because he is unsuitable. Chaucer did reach for religious orthodoxy when, in the words of the Parsons Tale, he protests that he will stand for correction.If his repudiation is not in fear, it might be a salve to a Christian conscience revolted at the utter repulsion of Courtly Love with the tenets of Christian morality and faith. SUFFERING Love brings with it love melancholy or suffering. This was analyze and in fact written on at length during the Renaissance, but it was known and made part of the fictional lover during Chaucers time. All in all, Chaucers attitude to women in The Canterbury Tales can hardl y be judged as antifeminist. His portrayals of women are splendid and still attractive centuries after. He does not assert the male dominance in all his tales but he realistically employs different narrators to express different attitudes. whatever of the tales question the medieval system of authorities, yet none of them is openly subversive.Chaucers female narrators cannot be judged by todays standards of feminism and when they are looked at from the medieval point of view, the undertone of feminism in their behavior and tales emerges. They are concerned with bettering the conditions for women they challenge the authorities in their tales. And although the women of the male tales are no revolutionaries, they are still humane enough for a modernreader to enjoy. Chaucer does not portray womens struggle for self-assertion, he unfolds the tortuous web of his society. Chaucers attitude to women as shown in his works is more complex than that of his contemporaries, and at the same tim e remains within the borders given by the society. Chaucer is a very careful poet and as such may be found inconvenient by some modern feminists.BIBLIOGRAPHY principal(a) sourcesSri Gawain and the Green KnightWife of BathSecondary sourcesUmbetro, Eco. Cum se face o teza de licenta, Polirom, Bucuresti, 2006Dutu, Carmen. Eseuri si dizertatii. Metodologia crearii unei lucrari stintifice, Editura Universitara Bucuresti, 2012G. C. Thornley and Gwyneth Roberts. An Outline of English Literature, Longman, Essex, 2008Chretien de Troyes. Arthurian romances, Penguin Books Ltd, Englad 1991Andreas Capellanus, The art of courtly love, Columbia University Press, New York 1960Bruce J. Douglas. Evolution of Arthurian romance from the beginnings down to the year 1300, Gloucester, Mass Peter Smith 1958Michel, Pastoureanu. La vie quotidienne en France et en Angleterre au temps des chevaliers de la Table Ronde, Hachette, Paris, 1976 1 . Courtly love. Modern term popularized by C. S. Lewis to describe th e various kinds of love between man and woman described in the works of *trou- badours and others between the 11c and the 13c. The range of feeling ran from the dutiful respect owed a lords wife, to the adulterously sexual. One relationship was excluded, that between husband and wife. The genre first appeared in Provence and then spread through Europe. Appearing at much the same time as Arthurian tales, the two created a potent and memorable mix of *chivalry and romance. The French phrase amour courtois is a 19c coin- age. Cf. Aubade Pastourelle 2 . b. 43 BCE, Roman who wrote a parody on the technical treatises on loving. 3 . The Ars amatoria (English The Art of Love) is an instructional book series elegy in three books by Ancient Roman poet Ovid. It was written in 2 AD. It is about teaching basic refined male and female relationship skills and techniques. 4 . Andreas Capellanus was the 12th-century author of a treatise commonly known as De amore (About Love), and often known i n English, somewhat misleadingly, as The Art of Courtly Love, though its realistic, somewhat cynical tone suggests that it is in some measure an antidote to courtly love. 5 . Eleanor of Aquitaine was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages . As well as being Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, she was queen consort of France (11371152) and of England (11541189). She was the patroness of such literary figures as Wace, Benot de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn. She belonged to the French House of Poitiers, the Ramnulfids. 6 . Marie of France, Countess of Champagne (1145 March 11, 1198) was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France and his first wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. 8 . French bishop of Paris during the thirteenth century. He was Chancellor of the Sorbonne from 1263 and bishop of Paris from 1268.He is best remembered for promulgating a Condemnation of 219 philosophical and theological propositions (or articles) tha t addressed ideas and concepts that were being discussed and disputed in the faculty of Arts at the University of Paris. 9 . Chivalry is as much about the skills and manners of a warrior class as with a literature derived from the deeds of those warriors, but presented in an idealized fashion which returned to define the manners of the warriors.Chivalry was a collocation of qualities made into a coherent ideal skill and courage, and a craving for glory or fame acquired through knightly skills and its necessary courage. 10 . Linda Ann Malcor Ph. D is an American scholar of Arthurian legend. She was selected as an Overseas Associate Member of the Late Antiquity look into Group.